Warm-Up

Draw a continuous graph and one that is not

continuous.

1
Continuity

• A function is said to be continuous at a point c if

the following conditions are satisfied:

1. f(c) is defined.
2.lim
xc
f ( x) exists

3. lim
xc
f ( x) = f(c)

2
Continuity
x2  9
Determine whether f ( x)  is continuous.
x 3

1. Is the function defined for all values?

f ( x) 
 x  3x  3
There is a hole at x = 3.
x 3

f(x) is not continuous at x = 3.

3
Continuity

• Determine whether  x2  9
 x3
g ( x)   x  3
is continuous.  2 x3

Defined for all values? Yes

lim g ( x)  6 Limit exists.

x 3

g(c) = g(3) = 2 lim g ( x)  g (c)

x 3

Therefore the function is not continuous.

4
Continuity

• Determine whether  x2  9
 x3
g ( x)   x  3
is continuous.  6 x3

Defined for all values?

lim g ( x)  6 Limit exists.

x 3

g(c) = g(3) = 6 lim g ( x)  g (c)

x 3

Therefore the function is continuous.

5
Continuity

• If f and g are continuous at c then,

1. f + g is continuous at c.
2. f – g is continuous at c.
3. f · g is continuous at c.
4. f/g is continuous at c if g(c) ≠ 0. (If g(c) = 0 then it is
discontinuous.)

6
Continuity

What can we say about f ( x)  25  x 2

and continuity?
Domain is [-5,5]
Continuous?

lim 25  x 2  0
x 5

lim 25  x 2  0
x  5
f is continuous on [-5,5]

7
Continuity

Together determine the points of discontinuity:

1. f(x)=x4-2x+3 NONE
3x
2. f ( x)  f is discontinuous at x = ±2
x2  4

 4 x  1 x  3
3. f ( x)   9 f is discontinuous at x =0
 10  x  3
 x

4. x 1
f ( x)  NONE
x2  5

5. f(x) = |x4 – 5x3| NONE

8
Consider functions that are not continuous

• Recall 3 major types of discontinuities

• Removable Discontinuity
• Jump (or step) Discontinuity
• Vertical Asymptotes

Look at each individually

9
Removable Discontinuity

• When the discontinuity can be “Fixed” by plugging in one point

• The graph has a hole in it

This occurs when a zero

of the denominator is also
a zero of the numerator.

10
 Removable Discontinuity
x2  9
Example: Consider the function f (x) 
x3
The domain of this function is all real numbers except 3. The
hole in the function is where x = 3.
The function can be written: f(x) = x + 3; x  3


What happens to the y values

as x gets close to 3?
lim f (x)  6
x 3

Simplify the function and

then use direct substitution.

11
Jump (or Step) Discontinuity

When the function jumps up or down at a certain x value.

Here the y values approach

one value when the x’s
approach the discontinuity
from the left and a different
value when they approach
from the right.

12
Jump (or Step) Discontinuity

We say that the limit does not exist, if the y values

approach a different value
when the x is to the left
than when the x is to the
right.

We need right-hand and

left-hand limits.

13
One-sided Limits

We use a superscripted + or - on the value the x is approaching to

indicate right and left hand limits

The right-hand limit:

The left-hand limit:

lim f (x)  b
x a

lim f (x)  c
x a

14
 One-sided Limits

Example: Consider the piecewise-defined function

x  1; x  3
f (x)  
 2; x  3
This function is defined for all real numbers, but has a
discontinuity at x = 3

 f (x)  4
lim
x 3
lim f (x)  2
x 3

lim f ( x)  DNE
x 3

15
Vertical Asymptotes

These occur when the zeros of the denominator are not also
zeros of the numerator

We say the limit “=∞“ to

indicate that the y values
increase without bound.

We say the limit “=-∞“ to

indicate that the y values
decrease without bound.

16
 Vertical Asymptotes

Example: Consider the function: 1

f (x) 
x3
The vertical asymptote is
at x = 3, the zero of the
denominator. 
1
lim 
x 3  x  3

1
lim  
x 3  x  3

 1
lim  DNE
x 3 x  3
17


 Graph each function and find the indicated Limits:

5.)
x 2 16
f (x) 
x4

lim f (x)  8
x 4

lim f (x)  8
x 4

lim f (x)  8
x 4

18
 Graph each function and find the indicated Limits:
6.)

x 2 16
 ;x  4
 x  4
f (x)  
 5; x  4


lim f (x)  8
x 4

 lim f (x)  8
x 4

lim f (x)  8
x 4
Important Note: The actual function
value at x=4 has no bearing on the limit
as x approaches 4.
19
 Graph each function and find the indicated Limits:

7.)

x  1;x  4
f (x)  
x  2;x  4

lim f (x)  6
 x 4

lim f (x)  5
x 4

lim f (x)  DNE

x 4

20
 Graph each function and find the indicated Limits:

8.)

x3
f (x) 
x4

 xlim 
f (x)  +∞
4

lim f (x)  -∞
x 4

lim f (x)  DNE

x 4

21
 Some Facts About Limits

se ?
Fal If f is undefined at x = c, then the limit of f(x) as
or
r ue x approaches c does not exist.
T

This statement is FALSE.

Consider any removable
discontinuity.
The function does
not have to be
defined for the limit
to exist
22
 Some Facts About Limits

se ?
Fal
or If the limit of f(x) as x approaches c is 0, then
r ue
T there must exist a number k such that f(k) <
0.001.
This statement is TRUE.
If the function values get arbitrarily close to 0 as x gets close
to c, then for some number (k) they must be smaller than any
small positive number you can come up with.

23
 Some Facts About Limits

se ?
or Fal If f(c) = L, then lim f (x)  L
e x c
Tr u

This statement is FALSE.

The limit is about the

 L
function values near c, not
at c. c

24
 Some Facts About Limits

l se?
or Fa If lim f (x)  L , then f(c) = L.
r ue x c
T

This statement is FALSE.

L
The limit is about the

function values near c, not
at c. c

25
The derivative as the slope of the
tangent line

(at a
point)

26
What is a derivative?

•A function
•the rate of change of a function
•the slope of the line tangent to
the curve

27
The tangent line

single point
of intersection

28
slope of a secant line

f(a) - f(x)
a-x

f(x)

f(a)
x a
29
slope of a (closer) secant line

f(a) - f(x)
a-x

f(x)

f(a)
x x a
30
closer and closer…

a
31
watch the slope...

32
watch what x does...

x a
33
The slope of the secant line gets closer and closer to
the slope of the tangent line...

34
As the values of x get closer and closer to a!

x a
35
 The slope of the secant lines
gets closer
to the slope of the tangent line...

...as the values of x

get closer to a

Translates to….
36
 lim f(x) - f(a)
x a x-a

as x goes to a
Equation for the slope

Which gives us the the exact slope

of the line tangent to the curve at a!

37
similarly...

f(x+h) - f(x)
(x+h) - x

= f(x+h) - f(x)
h

f(a+h)
h

f(a)
a+h a
(For this particular curve, h is a negative value) 38
thus...

lim f(a+h) - f(a)

h 0
h

AND

lim f(x) - f(a)

x a
x-a

Give us a way to calculate the slope of the line tangent at a!

39
Which one should I use?

(doesn’t really matter)

40
A VERY simple example...
y  x2

y  x2

want the slope

where a=2

41
 f ( x)  f (a) x2  a2 ( x  a)( x  a)
lim  lim  lim
xa xa xa

 lim( x  a )  lim( x  2)  4

as x a=2

42
 f ( x  h)  f ( x ) ( x  h) 2  x 2
lim  lim
h h

x  2 xh  h  x
2 2 2
h( 2 x  h)
 lim  lim
h h

 lim(2 x  h)  4

As h 0
43
back to our example...
y  x2

y  x2

When a=2,
the slope is 4

44
These are two important derivative values:

x
f  x   0 f  x  DNE

45
Example 1: Show f   0  does not exist
for f x   2 x .
f x  h   f x 
f  x   lim
h 0 h
f 0  h   f 0 
f   0   lim
h 0 h
2h 2 0 2h
f   0   lim lim  2  -1   2
h 0 h 
h 0 h
2h 2h
f   0   lim DNE lim 2
h 0 h 
h 0 h
46
Example 2: Find the derivative of
g x   3x  2.
2

g x  h   g x 
g  x   lim
h 0 h
3 x  h   2  3x 2  2 
2

g x   lim
h 0 h
3x  6xh  3h  2  3x  2
2 2 2
g x   lim
h 0 h
g x   lim 6x  3h 
h 0

 g x   6x 47
Example 3: H t   4.9t 2  5t  2 gives the height of
a ball (m) at time t (sec). How high is the ball at its
highest point? H t  h   H t 
H  t   lim
h 0 h
4.9 t  h   5 t  h   2   4.9t 2  5t  2 
2

H  t   lim
h 0 h
4.9t 2  9.8th  4.9h 2  5t  5h  2  4.9t 2  5t  2
 lim
h 0 h
H  t   lim  9.8t  4.9h  5  H  0.51 
2
h 0
 4.9  0.51   5  0.51   2
H  t   9.8t  5  0
5  H  0.51   3.28 m
t   0.51 sec
9.8
48
 2
Example 4: Find the derivative of f x   .
x
f x  h   f x 
f  x   lim
h 0 h
2x 2 x  h 

f  x   lim  x  h  x x x  h 
h 2
f  x   lim
h 0

2x  2x  2h h 0 x x  h 

x x  h 
f  x   lim 2
h f  x  
h 0
x x  0 
2h
x x  h  f   x   
2
f  x   lim x2
h 0 h
2h 1
f  x   lim 
h 0 x x  h  h 49
Example 5: Graph the derivative y
of the given function. 10

12 y  f x 
m   6
2 5

4
m   4
1 x
2
m
-5 5
  2 y  f  x 
1
0
m  0 -5
1
2 4
m  2 m  4
1 1 -10
50
in conclusion...

• The derivative is the the slope of the line tangent to the curve
(evaluated at a point)
• it is a limit (2 ways to define it)
• once you learn the rules of derivatives, you WILL forget these limit
definitions

51
Various Symbols for the Derivative

dy df ( x)
or f '( x) or
dx dx

dy y
Definition:  lim
dx x 0 x
52
 Piecewise Linear Function (Continuous).

(a) y  f ( x) Continuous Function

53
 Piecewise Linear Function (Finite Discontinuities).

(b) y  f ( x)
Discontinuities

x1 x2 x3 x

54
Piecewise Linear Segment
( x2 , y2 )

y2  y1

( x1 , y1 )
x2  x1
55
Slope of a Piecewise Linear Segment

dy y2  y1
 slope 
dx x2  x1

56
Plot the first derivative of the function shown below.

(a) y  f ( x)
12

2 4 6 8 10 x

-12
57
(a) y  f ( x)
12

2 4 6 8 10 x

-12

(b)
dy
 f '( x)
dx 6
3

-12 58
Development of a Simple Derivative

yx 2

y  y  ( x  x) 2

y  y  x  2 xx  (x )
2 2

59
Development of a Simple Derivative

y  2 xx  (x) 2

y
 2 x  x
x
dy y
 lim  2x
dx x 0 x
60
Chain Rule

y  f (u ) u  u ( x)
dy df (u ) du du
  f '(u )
dx du dx dx
df (u )
where f '(u ) 
du 61
Approximate the derivative of y=x2 at x=1 by
forming small changes.

y (1)  (1)  1
2

y (1.01)  (1.01)  1.0201

2

y  1.0201  1  0.0201
dy y 0.0201
   2.01
dx x 0.01
62
The derivative of sin u with respect to u is
given below.

d
sin u   cos u
du
•Use the chain rule to find the derivative with respect to x of

y  4sin x 2

63
Continuation.

ux 2

du
 2x
dx
dy du dy du
 f '(u ) 
dx dx du dx
 4(cos u )(2 x)  8 x cos x 2

64
Derivatives
f (x) f '(x) DerivativeNumber
af (x) af '(x) D-1
u(x)v(x) u'(x)v'(x) D-2
f (u) du df (u) du D-3
f '(u) 
dx du dx
a 0 D-4
xn (n0) nxn1 D-5

un (n0) du
nun1 D-6
dx
uv dv du
u v D-7
dx dx
u du dv
v u D-8
v dx dx
v2
eu du
eu D-9
dx

65
 Derivatives (Continued)
a u
du
l n a  a u
D -1 0
dx
ln u 1 du
D -1 1
u dx
lo g a u 1 du
l o g a e  D -1 2
u dx
s in u  du 
cosu   D -1 3
 dx 
cosu du
 s in u D -1 4
dx
ta n u du
sec2 u D -1 5
dx
s in 1
u 1 du    1  
   s in u   D -1 6
1  u 2 dx  2 2 
 1
 1 du
cos u
0  cos 1
u    D -1 7
1  u 2 dx
ta n  1
u 1 du   1  
   ta n u   D -1 8
1  u 2 dx  2 2 

66
Determine dy/dx for the function shown
below.

y  x sin x
2

dy dv du
u v
dx dx dx

x 2 d  sin x   sin x
d  x 2

dx dx
67
Continuation.

dy
 x cos x  sin x  2 x 
2

dx
 x cos x  2 x sin x
2

68
 Determine dy/dx for the function shown below.

sin x
y
x
du dv d sin x  d x
v u x  sin x
dy
 dx 2 dx  dx
2
dx
dx v x
x cos x  sin x
 2
x
69
Determine dy/dx for the function shown below.

x2 2
 x
ye 2 u
2
 x2 
d  
du  2   1
     2x    x
dx dx  2
x2 x2
dy  
e 2
  x    xe 2
dx
70
Higher-Order Derivatives

y  f ( x)
dy df ( x)
 f '( x) 
dx dx
2 2
d y d f ( x) d  dy 
2
 f ''( x)  2
  
dx dx dx  dx 
3
d y d f ( x) d d y 
3
 2

3
 f ( x) 
(3)
3
  2
dx dx dx  dx 

71
Determine the 2nd derivative with respect to x
of the function below.

y  5sin 4 x
dy d
 5(cos 4 x)  (4 x)  20 cos 4 x
dx dx
2
d y d
2
 20   sin 4 x   (4 x )  80sin 4 x
dx dx
72
Applications: Maxima and Minima
• 1. Determine the derivative.
• 2. Set the derivative to 0 and solve for values that satisfy the
equation.
• 3. Determine the second derivative.
• (a) If second derivative > 0, point is a minimum.
• (b) If second derivative < 0, point is a maximum.

73
Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration

•Displacement
y
•
• Velocity
dy
v
•Acceleration dt
2
dv d y
a  2
dt dt
74
Determine local maxima or minima of function below.

y  f ( x)  x  6 x  9 x  2
3 2

dy
 3 x  12 x  9
2

dx
3 x  12 x  9  0
2

x  1 and x  3
75
Continuation.
dy
 3 x  12 x  9
2

dx
2
d y
2
 6 x  12
dx
•For x = 1, f”(1) = -6. Point is a maximum and
•ymax= 6.

•For x = 3, f”(3) = 6. Point is a minimum and

•ymin = 2.

76
Integral Calculus: Anti-
Derivatives
•An anti-derivative of a function f(x) is a new function F(x)
such that

dF ( x)
 f ( x)
dx

77
Indefinite and Definite Integrals

Indefinite
 f ( x)dx

x2
Definite
 x1
f ( x)dx

78
Definite Integral as Area Under the Curve

y yK

y5
y4
y3
y1 y2

a b x
Approximate Area   yk x
k

79
Exact Area as Definite Integral

ydx  lim  yk x
b
 a x  dx
k

80
Definite Integral with Variable Upper Limit

x
 a
ydx

More “proper” form with “dummy” variable

x
 a
y (u )du

81
Area Under a Straight-Line Segment
y  f ( x)
y2

y1

x1 x2 x
x2 1
 ydx   y2  y1  x2  x1 
x1 2
82
 12
Example 7-1. Determine  0
ydx

y  f ( x)
20 20

4 6 9 12
2 8 x
-10

-20

83
Example 7-1. Continuation.

y  f ( x)
20 20

4 6 9 12
2 8 x
-10

-20
12
 0
ydx  40  0  20  20  0  30  10
84
 x
Example 7-2. Determine  0
ydx

y  f ( x)
20 20

4 6 9 12
2 8 x
-10

-20

85
 Guidelines
• 1. If y is a non-zero constant, integral is either increasing or
decreasing linearly.
• 2. If segment is triangular, integral is increasing or decreasing as a
parabola.
• 3. If y=0, integral remains at previous level.
• 4. Integral moves up or down from previous level; i.e., no sudden
jumps.
• 5. Beginning and end points are good reference levels.

86
(a) y  f ( x)
20 20

4 6 9 12
2 8 x
-10

-20

x x
(b)

0
ydx   f ( x)dx
0

40 40

20
10

2 4 6 8 9 12 x
87
Tabulation of Integrals

F ( x)   f ( x)dx
b
I   f ( x)dx
a

I  F ( x) a  F (b)  F (a )
b

88
Table 7-1. Common Integrals.
In te g ra l N u m b e r
f (x) F (x)   f ( x)dx
af (x) aF (x) I-1
u(x)  v(x) I-2
 u ( x)dx   v(x)dx
a ax I-3
xn n  1 x n 1 I-4

n1
e ax e ax I-5

a
1
ln x I-6
x
1
s in a x  cos ax I-7
a
1
cos ax s in a x I-8
a
1 1
2
s in a x x s in 2 a x I-9
2 4a
89
Table 7-1. Continuation.
1 1
cos ax2 x s in 2 a x I-1 0
2 4a
1 x
x s in a x s in a x  cos ax I-1 1
a2 a
1 x
x cos ax 2
c o s a x  s in a x I-1 2
a a
s in a x c o s a x 1
s in 2 a x I-1 3
2a
s in a x c o s b x cos(a  b ) x cos(a  b ) x
  I-1 4
fo r a 2  b 2 2(a  b) 2(a  b)
x e ax e ax
2 
ax  1 I-1 5
a
ln x x  ln x  1 
I-1 6
1 1  a 
1 I-1 7
ax2  b ta n  x 
ab  b 

90
In Examples 7-3 through 7-5 that follow,
determine the following integral in each case:

z   ydx

91
Example 7-3

y  12e 4x

4x
e
z   12e dx  12
4x
C
4
 3e  C
4x

92
Example 7-4

y  12 x sin 2 x
z   12 x sin 2 xdx
 1 x 
 12  2 sin 2 x  cos 2 x   C
 (2) 2 
 3sin 2 x  6 x cos 2 x  C
93
Example 7-5
3
y  6x 2

x
 2 3
z    6 x  dx
 x
3
  6 x dx   dx
2

x
3
6x
  3ln x  C
3
 2 x 3  3ln x  C
94
In Examples 7-6 and 7-7 that follow,
determine the definite integral in each case as
defined below.

b
I   ydx
a

95
Example 7-6

I   sin xdx
0


I   sin xdx   cos x  0

0

  cos     cos 0 
 (1)  (1)  2
96
Example 7-7
1
I   8 xe 2 x
dx
0
1
I   8 xe 2 x
dx
0
2 x
e
 8 2 2 x  10
1

(2)
 2e 2
2(1)  1  2e 0  1 0

2
 6e  2  1.188
97
Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration

a  a (t )  acceleration in meters/second 2 (m/s 2 )

v  v(t )  velocity in meters/second (m/s)
y  y (t )  displacement in meters  m 
dv  dv 
 a (t ) dv    dt  a (t )dt
dt  dt 
 
dv  a (t ) dt  dv  v
98
Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration
Continuation

v   a (t )dt  C1
dy  dy 
 v(t ) dy    dt  v(t )dt
dt  dt 
y   v(t )dt  C2

99
Alternate Formulation in Terms of Definite
Integrals

t
v(t )   a (t )dt  v(0)
0

t
y (t )   v(t )dt  y (0)
0

100
Example 7-8. An object experiences
acceleration as given by
2 t
a (t )  20e
v(0)  0
y (0)  0
•Determine the velocity and displacement.

101
Example 7-8. Continuation.
dv 2 t
 a (t )  20e
dt
20 2t
v(t )   20e dt 
2 t 2 t
e  C1  10e  C1
2
0
v(0)  10e  C1  10  C1  0
C1  10
2 t
v(t )  10  10e
102
Example 7-8. Continuation.

y (t )   10  10e 2t dt

10 2t 2 t
 10t  e  C2  10t  5e  C2
2
0
y (0)  0  5e  C2  5  C2  0
C 2  5
t
y (t )  10t  5e  5
103
 Example 7-9. Rework previous example using
definite integral forms.
t
t t20 2t 
v(t )   a (t )dt  v(0)   20e dt  0  2 t
e 
0 0 2 0
 10e 2 t
  10e 0
  10  10e 2 t

t t t
y (t )   v(t )dt  y (0)   (10  10e )dt  10t  5e
2 t 2 t

0 0 0
2 t 0 2 t
 10t  5e  0  5e  10t  5e 5

104
Example 7-10. Plot the three functions of the
preceding examples.

2 t
a (t )  20e
2 t
v(t )  10  10e
2 t
y (t )  10t  5e 5

105
Example 7-10. Continuation.

• >> t = 0:0.02:2;
• >> a = 20*exp(-2*t);
• >> v = 10 -10*exp(-2*t);
• >> y = 10*t + 5*exp(-2*t) - 5;
• >> plot(t, a, t, v, t, y)

• The plots are shown on the next slide.

106
107