One-sided limit, limit, existence of limit, limit at infinity, infinite

limit

L I M I T OF FUNCTIONS
One-sided limit

Given a function defined by 𝑦 = 𝑓

𝑥

𝑥→𝑎 +
lim
Is the value y (real number) being approached
𝑓 and closer to a from
by f(x) as x gets closer
the right.
𝑥
One-sided limit

Given a function defined by 𝑦 = 𝑓

𝑥

𝑥→𝑎 −
lim
Is the value y (real number)
𝑓 “being
approached” by f(x) as x gets closer and
closer to a from the 𝑥 left.
One-sided limit

Consider the function defined

by

a. Evaluate lim 𝑓 𝑥
𝑥→−3 −
b. Evaluate lim 𝑓 𝑥
𝑥→−3+
0
 30
3

One-sided limit

𝑥2 − 9 𝑥+3 𝑥−
𝑓 𝑥 = 3
𝑥+
=
3 𝑥+3
= 𝑥 − 3, 𝑥 ≠ −3

𝐷𝑓 = (−∞, −3) ∪ (−3, ∞)

f x


One-sided limit

x2  9 x2  9
   
x f x x f x
x3 x3

-3.1 -6.1 -2.9 -5.9

-3.01 -6.01 -2.99 -5.99
-3.001 -6.001 -2.999 -5.999
-3.0001 -6.0001 -2.9999 -5.9999
Table 2.1 Some numerical computations close to -3
from the left and right
f x


One-sided limit

Theorem 2.1 Existence of Limit

The limit of a function exists if and only if the
one- sided limits of the function are equal

lim 𝑓 𝑥 = lim 𝑓 𝑥
𝑥→𝑎 + 𝑥→𝑎−
One-sided limit

Given a function defined

by
𝑥2 − 9
𝑓 𝑥
𝑥+
=
3
lim 𝑓 𝑥 lim 𝑓 𝑥
𝑥→−3− 𝑥→−3+
=
lim 𝑓 𝑥 =
−6
𝑥→−3
One-sided limit

Functions whose limit at a does not

exist. Example 2.1

Evaluate lim 𝑓 𝑥 , does it

exist? 𝑥→1
One-sided limit

a. Evaluate lim 𝑓 𝑥 and lim 𝑓

𝑥 .
𝑥→1−

𝑥→1+
b. Are they equal?

Conclusion: the limit does not

exist
One-sided limit

Function whose limit does not exist at

a.
Example 2.4
Evaluate lim 𝑓 𝑥 where
𝑥→3

3𝑥 + 9
𝑓 𝑥 =
𝑥2 − 9
One-sided limit

The limits do not point to a specific real

number. Conclusion: limit does not exist
as x approaches 3
Limit Theorems
Limit at infinity

Evaluate lim 𝑓 𝑥 and lim 𝑓 𝑥 ,

𝑥→∞ 𝑥→−∞
where
Limit at infinity
As x approaches
positive infinity or
negative infinity, the
quotient approaches
zero.
Limit at infinity
Evaluate lim 𝑓 𝑥
where
𝑥→∞

Solution
Limit at Infinity and Horizontal
Asymptote
Obtain the horizontal asymptote of

Solution
Limit at infinity and
horizontal asymptote

Horizontal
Asymptote
𝑦 = −1
Limit at infinity and asymptotes
(horizontal and oblique)
Limit at infinity and asymptotes
(horizontal and oblique)

Examples
Limit at infinity and asymptotes
(horizontal and
oblique) Perform long division
on
Limit of some trigonometric
functions

Theorems
sin 𝑥
lim
𝑥→0 𝑥
= 1 lim
𝑥→0
cos 𝑥−1
𝑥 =0
Limit of trigonometric
functions
Limit of trigonometric
functions
Limit of trigonometric
functions
Limit of trigonometric
functions