The most difficult thing is

the decision to act; the rest is

merely tenacity.” –Amelia
Earhart
 Although, global cities are major
beneficiaries of globalization, Bauman,
2003) claimed that they are also the most
severely affected by global problems.
Therefore, the city faces peculiar
problems, wherein it is often fruitlessly
seeking to deal locally with global
problems and “local politics has become
hopelessly overloaded”.
 THEORIES OF
GLOBAL
STRATIFICATION
Stratification
 The dividing of people or things into different
groups or layers. When a society becomes rigidly
divided along class lines and people of upper classes
move further and further away from lower classes.

Global stratification
 Refers to the hierarchical arrangement of individuals
and groups in societies around the world.
Modernization
 Is the current term for an old- process- the
process of social change whereby less developed
societies acquire characteristics common to more
developed societies.
Modernization Theory
 Theory is used to explain the process of
modernization within societies.
Columbian Exchange
 Also known as the Columbian Interchange, named
after Christopher Columbus, was the widespread
transfer of plants, animals, culture, human populations,
Technology, diseases and ideas between the
American’s, West Africa, and the old world in the 15th
& 16th centuries.
Christopher Columbus
 He was an Italian explorer and colonizer who
completed for voyages across the Atlantic Ocean that
opened the New World for conquest and permanent
European colonization of the Americans.
Industrial Revolution
 Also known as the First Industrial Revolution , was
the transition to new manufacturing processes in
Europe and the United States, in the period from about
1760 to sometime between 1820-1840.
Walt Rostow’s Four Stage Modernization
Walt Whitman Rostow
 Was an American economist, professor and political
theorist who served as special assistant for National
Security Affairs who served to US President Lyndon B.
Johnson from 1966-1969.
Dependency Theory and the Latin American
Experience
Dependency theory
 Is the notion that resources flow from a “periphery” of
poor and underdeveloped state to a “core” of wealthy
states enriching the better at the expense of the former.
Latin American experience
Argues that democratic stability requires
policies that limit the society’s degree of
substantive economic and social inequality.
THE MODERN WORLD- SYSTEM
Modern World
is a very different place from the world that existed
50 years ago. Our knowledge of ourselves and our universe
has increased, infrastructure have become globalized and
technological developments have revolutionized the way
we communicate with each other.
NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)
 Is an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico and the
United States, creating a trilateral trade bloc in North
America. The agreement came into force on January
1,1994 and superseded the 1988 Canada-United States
Free Trade Agreement between the United States and
Canada.
Purpose of NAFTA
to reduce trading cost
increase business investment
help North America be more competitive in the global
market place
Immanuel Wallerstein
 was an American sociologist and economic historian.
He is perhaps best known for his development of the
general approach in society which led to emergence of
his world- system approach.
Skilled Workers
 Is any worker who has special skill, training,
knowledge and ability in their work.
Examples of these:
 Engineers
 Cooks
 Physician
 Soldiers
 Police officers etc.
Unskilled Worker
 Is an employee who does not use reasoning or
intellectual abilities in their line of work. These workers
are typically found in a position that involves manual
labor such as packager, assembler/ apprentice or farm
worker.
Examples of these:
 Parking lot attendant
 Janitor/ cleaner
 Line operator
 Messenger
 Labourer
 Clerk etc.