The global divides: North and south

Locating Global South

 INTRODUCTION
Starbucks vs. Shanty

There are Starbucks in both Melbourne and Manila, New York and New Delhi. All these branches are all
the same, they have similar menus of espresso-based drinks. This similarity indicates the global
interconnectedness between nations because of Globalization. However, although the branches of Starbucks
among different countries are all the same the environment outside the store is not. In Manila, upon leaving the
store you might encounter kids with tattered and worn out clothes walk a few blocks and you might see houses
made of scrap metal and woods. Most of us thinks that Starbucks is an indication of connections between nations.
In reality, this is an implication of poverty in the Global South. Globalization as the primary reason of this division
(Global South and North). This comparison best represents the discrepancy of developed countries and
developing countries. In the meaning of globalization it says that “globalization is the integration among nations”.
Yet, why are those developing countries struggling to progress? Is Globalization has really a positive effect to all
nations or only to those powerful nations in the north? Or it only intensifies the division between the Global North
and South?

This form of Globalization is uneven, as the economic norms of the developed worlds apply to itself are
never the same as those imposes in the developing world. The underdevelopment of the Global South seems to
prevent it from being Globalized revealing the inherent unevenness of the process. Poverty is backward. It is not
modern. It is not global.

In contradiction, from the perspective of “anti-globalization”critcs. The contradictions at the heart of

neoliberalism (Neo-liberalism is a modified form of liberalism tending to favour free-market capitalism. It takes
from the basic principles of neoclassical economics, suggesting that governments must limit subsidies, make
reform to tax laws in order to expand the tax base, reduce deficit spending, limit protectionism, and open up
market to trade. It also seek to abolish fixed exchange rates, back deregulation, permit private property and
privatize businesses run by the state. In short, it is the transfer of control in economic factors from public sector
to private sector) cause and reinforce the endemic poverty of Global South. The enforcement of neo-liberal
consensus deepen’s inequality in the world’s poorest countries. It is thus that the Shanty is as much a symbol of
globalization as the Starbucks. Poverty is also being globalized.

 CONCEPTUALIZING WITHOUT DEFINING

 GLOBAL SOUTH
- Is a term used to refer to the “Third World” or “Developing Countries”
- Stemmed from a division made that is based on socio-economic and political aspect.
 GLOBAL SOUTH COUNTRIES
- Countries from Africa, Latin America
- Developing Asian countries
- Middle East
- In general “Poor Countries”
 GLOBAL NORTH COUNTRIES
- Include United States, Canada, Western European Countries
- Developed parts of Asia (Japan, Macau, Brunei, Israel)
- Australia and New Zealand
- The “Rich and Powerful Countries”
  NORTH – SOUTH DIVIDE
According to “GROVOGUI”
- Represents Interstate Inequalities
- Imbalances of economic and political power between states
- Struggle
- Rich-Poor
 GLOBAL SOUTH
What makes them poor?
Nature of Politics and Political Mindset
-Civil disobedience
-Large scale revolts
-Poor struggle to survive by hitting on the rich society
Common to countries in Asia and Middle East
Former colonies are not fully developed states
-Australian aborigines
-Indigenous tribes
-Displaced by the powerful
Exists in Australia and to countries in Africa
Geographical boundaries
-Rich is neighbour to a poor will be subject to a form of “modern day slavery”
Example is Mexico and the United States.
Former Colonies now developed states
-Hard time coping with the First World
-Failed global free trade
Example is Mexico and the United States.
 GLOBAL SOUTH

PERSISTENT PROBLEMS PROBABLE SOLUTIONS

1. Foreign debts 1. Free Trade Agreements

2. Democracy 2. Diminish international Inequalities
3. Struggle for Autonomous Governance 3. Internal Financial Dependency
4. Economic Difficulties (foreign debts) 4. Environmental Protection (by the Global North)
5. Lacking international influence 5. Transnational (Migration)

 COLONIALISM, MODERNITY, AND THE CREATION OF GLOBAL INEQUALITY

- The term “Latin America” refers to the Spanish and Portuguese- speaking countries in the new world
- The region came under control of the crowns of the Spain and Portugal, which imposed both Roman
Catholicism and their respective languages.
 GEORG WILHELM FRIEDRICH HEGEL
- (August 27, 1770 – November 14,1831)
 - He was a German philosopher and an important figure of German idealism.
 MISSION CIVILISATRICE
In English “civilizing mission“ was a rationale for intervention or colonization, purporting to contribute to
the spread of civilization, and used mostly in relation to the westernization of indigenous people in the 15th
– 20th centuries.
 BENEVOLENT ASSIMILATION
Refers to a policy of the United States towards the Philippines as described in a proclamation by US
President William McKinley issued on December 21, 1898. It is succinctly stated that “future control,
disposition, and government of the Philippine islands were ceded to the united states” and that “the military
government is to be the whole of the ceded territory.
 PRESIDENT WILLIAM MCKINLEY
- (January 29, 1843 – September 14, 1901)
- He was the 25th president of the United States serving from March 4 1897 until in September 1901.
 INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
Is a purely scientific and private association, without official character, whose objective is to promote the
progress of international law by: formulating general principles; cooperating in codification; seeking official
acceptance of principles in harmony with the needs of modern society; contributing to the maintenance of
peace or to the observance of the laws of war; proffering needed judicial advice in controversial or doubtful
cases; and contributing, through publications, education of the public, and any other means, to the success
of the principles of justice and humanity which should govern international relations.
 UNITED NATIONS AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
- To maintain international peace and security
- To develop friendly among nations on the basis of equality and the principle of self-determination.
- To foster worldwide cooperation in solving economic, social, cultural and humanitarian problems
- To promote human rights and fundamental freedom for the people of the world
- To serve as a centre where various nations can coordinate their activities towards the attainment of
the objectives of the united nations
- To save succeeding generations from the scourge of war
 WALT WHITMAN ROSTOW
- He was an American economist and political theorist who served as special assistant for national
security affairs to US. President Lyndon B. Johnson from 1966 to 1969.
 MODERNIZATION THEORY
TRADITIONAL SOCIETY
- Characterized by subsistence agriculture of hunting and gathering.
- Limited technology
- No centralized nations or political systems
PRE CONDITIONS TO “TAKE OFF”
- Development of more productive, commercial agriculture and cash crops by producers and/or largely
exported.
- Increasing spread of technology and advances in existing technologies.
- Development of national identity and shared economic interest.
TAKE OFF
- Urbanization increases, industrialization and technological breakthroughs occur
DRIVE TO MATURITY
- Rapid development of transportation infrastructure.
- Manufacturing shifts from investment-driven (capital goods) towards consumer durables and domestic
consumption.
AGE OF MASS CONSUMPTION
- The industrial base dominates the economy.
- Widespread and normative consumption of high-value consumer goods.
- Urban society (movement away from rural countrysides to the cities).

 CHALLENGING THE COLONIAL ORDER

  What is colonial Order?
Colonial Order- were orders of knighthood awarded by European imperial states in Africa and Asia for
those who conquered and administered their territories. They were sometimes adopted by post-colonial
successor states, or remained one of the former imperial power’s orders of knighthood.
 Definition of terms
- Colonialism- the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country
occupying it with settlers and exploiting it economically.
- Global South- it a term that has been emerging in transnational and post-colonial studies to refer to
what may also be called the Third World.
- Anti-Colonialism- opposed to colonial rule of country by another.
- Political Left- it supports social equality and egalitarianism, often in opposition of social hierarchy.
- Capitalism- an economic and political system in which a country’s trade and industry are controlled by
private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
- Communism- a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society
in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities
and needs.
- Imperialism- a policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force.
Ruled by an emperor.
The essence of traditional colonialism as we know it is slowly disappearing.


Benedict Richard O’Gorman Anderson (August 26, 1936- December 13, 2015)
- He has shown that resistance against Spanish colonialism in Latin America and Philippines benefitted
from the increased interaction of political dissidents amidst an early phase of globalization in the late
19th century.
 Socialist internationalism, which would eventually rise to the forefront of anti-colonialism, was slow to take
up the cause of colonized peoples. Example: Bolshevik Revolution
 Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov a.k.a Lenin (April 22, 1870- January 21, 1924)
- He founded the Communist International (Comintern) in 1919.
 The founding moment for the non-aligned movement was the Asia-African Conference held in the
Indonesian City of Bandung (also known as Bandung Conference in 1955).
 The conference brought together delegates from 29 Asian and African countries.
 Notable participants included present day heroes of 3 rd world pantheon Sukarno, Zhou Enlai, Gamal Abdel
Nasser and Jawaharlal Nehru.
 As the conference progressed, it became clear that the countries were not just wary of first world
imperialism, but also of ‘communist colonialism’.
 Roland Burke
- He contends that debates about freedom in Bandung allowed the conference to affirm the value of
universal human rights.
 Neocolonialism
- It is the control of less-developed countries by developed countries through indirect means.
 CONCLUSION: THE GLOBAL SOUTH AS NEW INTERNATIONALISM

The Global South has routinely provided models of resilience for the world and it continues to do so.
Perhaps most importantly, a similar globalization of the South’s concerns is arising in discussion of the global
environment. The effects of global warming have been most pronounced in the south. But when super storm ‘Sandy’
hit New York in October 2012, its flooded streets looked like those of Manila. It is in this context that it becomes
imperative for the world to share the struggles of the global south. The ‘Global’ in ‘Global South’ does not only mean
that the south is in the globe, or those countries located in the southern part of the globe. Hence, it is a symbol of
developing countries struggling for progress. The global south, which unfolds relative to struggles on the ground,
reconfigures itself depending on contours of global struggles. The global south is not essentialist, nor does it
premise the struggle for global justice on common identities or cultures. Solidarities on global south are based on
common, shifting causes. And yet, it is not emotionally barren, transactional concept. From its very inception, it
has premised one of the most morally potent ideas of history: universal human equality.
MIGRATION

 INTRODUCTION
Human migration is the movement by people from one place to another with the intentions of settling,
permanently or temporarily in a new location. The movement is often over long distances and from one country to
another, but internal migration is also possible; indeed, this is the dominant form globally.
 HISTORICAL THEORIES
 Ravenstein
Certain laws of Social Sciences have been proposed to describe human migration. One of the proponent
of these laws is Ernst Georg Ravenstein (30 December 1834-13 March 1913). He was a German-English
geographer cartographer born in Frankfurt am Main. As a geographer he was less of a traveller than a
researcher. His studies led mainly in the direction of cartography and the history of geography.
The laws are as follows:

1. Every migration flow generates a return or counter migration.

2. The majority of migrants move a short distance.
3. Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations.
4. Urban residents are often less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas.
5. Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults.
6. Most migrants are adults.
7. Large towns grow by migration rather than natural increase.
8. Migration stage by stage.
9. Urban rural difference.
10. Migration and technology.
11. Economic condition.
 Lee
Lee’s laws divide factors causing migrations into two groups of factors: push and pull factors. Push factors
are things that are unfavourable about the area that one lives in, and pull factors are things that attract one
to another area.
Push factors
- Not enough jobs
- Few opportunities
- Inadequate conditions
- Desertification
- Famine or drought
- Political fear or persecution
- Slavery or forced labor
- Poor medical care
- Loss of wealth
- Natural disasters
- Death threats
- Desire for more political or religious freedom
- Pollution
- Poor housing
- Landlord/tenant issues
- Bullying
- Mentality
- Discrimination
- Poor chances of marrying
- Condemned housing (radon gas, etc.)
- War
Pull factors
- Job opportunities
 - Better living conditions
- The feeling of having more political or religious freedom
- Enjoyment
- Education
- Better medical care
- Attractive climates
- Security
- Family links
- Industry
- Better chances of marrying
 Climate Cycle
The modern field of climate history suggests that the successive waves of Eurasian nomadic
movement throughout history have had their origins in climate cycle. People were displaced from their
home ground by other tribes trying to find land that could be grazed by essential flocks. Bogumil Terminski
uses the term “migratory domino effect” to describe this process in the context of Sea People invasion.

 LABOR MIGRATION THEORIES IN THE 21st CENTURY

There are countless of reasons why immigrants choose to migrate to another country. For instance,
globalization has increased workers from other countries in order to sustain national economies. People also move
or are force to move as a result of conflict, human rights violations, violence, or to escape persecution. Another
reason people move is to gain access to opportunities and services to escape extreme weather. There are a number
of theories to explain the international flow of capital and people from one country to another.
 Neoclassical Economic Theory
This theory of migration states that the main reason for labor migration is wage difference
between two geographic locations. These wage differences are usually linked to geographic labor demand
and supply. It can be said that areas with a shortage of labor but an excess of capital have a high relative
wage while areas with a high labor supply and a dearth of capital have a low relative wage. Labor tends
to flow from low-wage areas to high-wage areas. Often, with this flow of labor comes changes in the
sending as well as the receiving country. Neoclassical economic theory is best used to describe
transnational migration, because it is not confined by international immigration laws and similar
governmental regulations.
 Dual Labor Market Theory
Dual labor market theory states that migration is mainly caused by pull factors in more developed
countries. This theory assumes that the labor markets in these developed countries consist of two
segments: the primary market, which requires high-skilled labor, and the secondary market, which is very
labor-intensive requiring low-skilled workers. This theory assumes that migration from less developed
countries into more developed countries is a result of a pull created by a need for labor in the developed
countries in their secondary market. Migrant workers are needed to fill the lowest rung of the labor market
because the native laborers do not want to do these jobs as they present a lack of mobility. This creates
a need for migrant workers. Furthermore, the initial dearth in available labor pushes wages up, making
migration even more enticing.
 New Economics of Labor Migration
This theory states that migration flows and patterns can't be explained solely at the level of
individual workers and their economic incentives, but that wider social entities must be considered as well.
One such social entity is the household. Migration can be viewed as a result of risk aversion on the part
of a household that has insufficient income. The household, in this case, is in need of extra capital that
can be achieved through remittances sent back by family members who participate in migrant labor
abroad. These remittances can also have a broader effect on the economy of the sending country as a
whole as they bring in capital. Recent research has examined a decline in U.S. interstate migration from
1991 to 2011, theorizing that the reduced interstate migration is due to a decline in the geographic
specificity of occupations and an increase in workers’ ability to learn about other locations before moving
there, through both information technology and inexpensive travel. Other researchers find that the
location-specific nature of housing is more important than moving costs in determining labour reallocation.
 
Relative deprivation theory
Relative deprivation theory states that awareness of the income difference between neighbours or
other households in the migrant-sending community is an important factor in migration. The incentive to
migrate is a lot higher in areas that have a high level of economic inequality. In the short run, remittances
may increase inequality, but in the long run, they may actually decrease it. There are two stages of
migration for a worker: first, they invest in human capital formation, and then they try to capitalize on their
investments. In this way, successful migrants may use their new capital to provide for better schooling for
their children and better homes for their families. Successful high-skilled emigrants may serve as an
example for neighbours and potential migrants who hope to achieve that level of success.
 World systems theory
World systems theory looks at migration from a global perspective. It explains that interaction
between different societies can be an important factor in social change within societies. Trade with one
country, which causes economic decline in another, may create incentive to migrate to a country with a
more vibrant economy. It can be argued that even after decolonization, the economic dependence of
former colonies still remains on mother countries. This view of international trade is controversial, however,
and some argue that free trade can actually reduce migration between developing and developed
countries. It can be argued that the developed countries import labor-intensive goods, which causes an
increase in employment of unskilled workers in the less developed countries, decreasing the outflow of
migrant workers. The export of capital-intensive goods from rich countries to poor countries also equalizes
income and employment conditions, thus also slowing migration. In either direction, this theory can be
used to explain migration between countries that are geographically far apart.
 Osmosis: the unifying theory of human migration
Old migration theories are generally embedded in geography, sociology or economics. They
explain migration in specific periods and spaces. In fact, Osmosis theory explains the whole phenomenon
of human migration. Based on the history of human migration, Djelti (2017a) studies the evolution of its
natural determinants. According to him, human migration is divided into two main types: the simple
migration and the complicated one. The simple migration is divided, in its turn, into diffusion, stabilisation
and concentration periods. During these periods, water availability, adequate climate, security and
population density represent the natural determinants of human migration. For the complicated migration,
it is characterised by the speedy evolution and the emergence of new sub-determinants notably earning,
unemployment, networks and migration policies. Osmosis theory (Djelti, 2017b) explains analogically
human migration by the biophysical phenomenon of osmosis. In this respect, the countries are
represented by animal cells, the borders by the semipermeable membranes and the humans by ions of
water. As to osmosis phenomenon, according to the theory, humans migrate from countries with less
migration pressure to countries with high migration pressure. In order to measure the latter, the natural
determinants of human migration replace the variables of the second principle of thermodynamics used
to measure the osmotic pressure.
 SOCIOLOGICAL AND POLITICAL SCIENCE THEORIES
 Sociology
A number of social scientists have examined immigration from a sociological perspective, paying
attention to how immigration affects and is affected by, as well as social structure. They have produced
three main sociological perspectives:
1. Symbolic Interactionism
It aims to understand migration via face-to-face interactions on a micro-level.
2. Social Conflict Theory
It examines migration through the prism of competition for power and resources.
3. Structural Functionalism
It examines the role of migration in fulfilling certain functions within each society, such as the
decrease of despair and aimlessness and the consolidation of social network.
 Political Science
Political scientist have put forth a number of theoretical frameworks on migration, offering different
perspectives on processes of security, citizenship, and international relations. In this field the majority of
work has focused on immigration politics, viewing migration from the perspective of the country
destination.