Deniell Kahlil Kyro S.

Gabon

BSCE 2C

CONTEMPORARY
CHAPTER 1
THE CONCEPT OF GLOBALIZATION:
IS GLOBALIZATION A PHENOMENON?

OUTLINE

• Globalization

• Forces & drivers of globalization

• Qualities & characteristics of globalization

GLOBALIZATION

• Refers to a multidimensional set of social processes that create, multiply, stretch, and intensify
worldwide social interdependencies and exchanges while at the same fostering in people a
growing awareness of deepening connections between the local and the distant (McGrew,
2003).

• For Justine Rosenberg’s definition of globalization, he argues that globalization as a

phenomenon gave rise to the interconnectedness of human society that replaced the sovereign
state system with multilateral system of global governance

• From the lens of Ritzer (2008), he described this phenomenon as the spread of worldwide
practices, relations, consciousness, and organization of social life.

GLOBALIZATION

 Globalization, as a theory lies in the works of many 19th and 20th century scholars and
intellectuals like Karl Marx, MacKinder, and Robertson who began to introduce the term
“globality”. However, it was in the 1960’s and 1970’s when this term gained worldwide
attention.

 Globalization simply puts it as a social process of reshaping and remaking the world order.

 Understanding the term globalization, requires a critical examination of its origin, development,
and usage as part of our understanding of social change within the spectrum of contemporary
world.
Forces and Drivers of Globalization

Economics
Technology Politics

GLOBALIZATION
Individuals
and Culture
Institutions Environment

Qualities and Characteristics of Globalization (Held & McGrew, 2002)

1. Creation and Multiplication of social networks and cultural activities which break the traditional
norms and practices in the political, economic, and cultural realms of most communities.

2. Expansion and Stretching of social operations and connections which is seen in the financial
markets and trading operations around the globe. (Examples: World Trade Organization, ASEAN
Economic Community, World Economic Forum and European Union)

3. Intensification and Acceleration of human activities which describes the process of world and
individual connection works. Consumer markets and consumerism continue to rule in this
postmodern era where the farthest have the access to reach the central portion of global
events.

4. Consciousness and Awareness. People, as the primary actors of globalization are the frontliners
as reflected in their experiences. The human consciousness is critical on how they impact the
growing outcomes and markets of globalization.

Is Globalization the same as Westernization?

• NO. The concept of Westernization is deeply rooted in the Western World where often
associated with the Western culture and values (Sairin, 2011).

• This concept is famously used in referring the western value system and it influences countries
outside its territory and sovereignty.

• The political, economic, and technological prowess of United States and European countries are
best described in the idea of Westernization.
Among the effects/products of globalization, which is the most important?

Among the effects or products of globalization, the most important is the global
economic growth – the main driving force and the significant outcome of globalization.
Global economic growth is the most significant of all them more explicitly to the
economy in light of the fact that in globalization, it offers associations the chance to
exploit lower work costs in developing nations while utilizing the specialized skill and
experience of more developed economies. With global economic growth in
globalization, various pieces of an item might be made in various areas of the world.

Overall, the greatest monetary effect of global economic growth is its diminishing
factor in the expense of assembling. This implies that organizations can offer
merchandise at a lower cost to customers. The average expense of merchandise is a
key perspective that adds to the increase in our way of life. Buyers will additionally have
an approach to a more extensive assortment of merchandise.
CHAPTER 2
COMPETING THE THEORETICAL APPROACHES

Outline

• Theoretical approaches:

• Realism

• Liberalism

• Idealism

• Institutions and Globalization

Realism

• The realist perspective explaining globalization focuses on the shifting distribution of power
among states (Walt, 1998 and Synder, 2004).

• They explained that the core idea of dominating the world through the employment of power.

• This force comes from different angles, depending on the power availability of a nation.

Realism

 Realists argue that countries open their economies to the world is because of two contending
reasons:

1. Financial returns of expanding markets offer new economic opportunities to the capitalist
(origin country).

2. The continued centrality of political power and military strength are obvious forces of
interdependence and realistic behavior of the more and most powerful countries.

Liberalism

 Liberalism is a perspective in international relations where actors and institutions emphasize

relationships and negotiations.

 Liberalists observe the importance of interaction and communication and focus on solving
problems and conflicts affecting them.

 This idea is very evident in countries where democratic governance and institutions play major
roles in maintaining national cohesiveness in managing domestic and international affairs.

 Liberalists believe that to avoid international conflict and problems, and negotiations and
dialogues are potential mechanisms in confronting issues among parties.
Liberalism

Three Factors that describe the Transformation of Political-Economic Structure and Development of
Global Interconnectedness:

1. Spread of Democracy and Institutions

 Democracy as a frontline of liberalism has been utilized as a sociopolitical apparatus in

challenging political actors who act beyond their power and control.

 The strong participatory presence of citizens in key issues affecting the interest and welfare of
the public could be used as a reference in balancing the interest of stakeholders.

 Liberalists see that democracies are venues of not using threat to intimidate and harm other
nations. Many liberals believe in the vital function played by the rule of law as safeguard of self-
respect and social stability.

Liberalism

• Global Economic Ties

• Liberalists see economic ties and cooperation such as market integration and economic
alliances are fitting fixtures of globalization.

• The core belief of liberalism is that economic alliance and integrating the domestic
economy into a regional or economic bloc will deliver prosperity and security.

• Opening to markets to other countries is described as an act of country’s commitment

to global consciousness and moral understanding of multistate interests.

• Examples: European Union’s Eurozone and Association of Southeast Asian Nations

Economic Community (AEC)

Liberalism

• International Organizations

• Liberals believe that the formation of leading regional and international organizations
like global commerce and governance are main instruments in the maintenance of
peace and solidarity.

• Examples: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) and North Atlantic

Treaty Organization (NATO)
IDEALISM

• Idealists and constructivist hold the notion that values, and norms play pivotal roles in
sustaining and reforming the process and works of individuals, group, and nations.

• This theory emphasizes on the functions of ideologies, frameworks, systems, and identities in
understanding globalization and international order.

• Its core beliefs centers on the centrality of ideas, beliefs, emotions, and collective values that
shape the political and economic landscapes of the world

IDEALISM

• Alexander Wendt and Hugh Ruggie are the two most prominent founders of this school of
thought.

• Idealism presents the changing norms and evolutions of individuals, groups, and states with the
goal of influencing the dynamics and pattern of social structure.

IDEALISM

• Role of Ideas and Technology in Globalization

• Ideas are non-material entities of culture; it embodies one’s perception of his social
world or environment. It defines on how values, norms, and beliefs are used by
governments and institutions in hold and exercising of power (Nau, 2008).

• When ideas are used well based on their intended application, development takes
place. It could be utilized for linking and transfer of knowledge in a transnational
community of nations, scientific, and social innovation, and increase in the
understanding of people in their day-to-day life.

• Ideas are necessary in this particular scene because the definitions and concepts
constructed are used in interpreting how people act and behave.
IDEALISM

Three Important Technological Trends that made Significant Changes in the Interaction of Nations and
People:

1. Knowledge and technology are significant determinants of wealth and power. The success of
economy of a country requires pool of resources like ideas and technology. The technological
advancement of a nation is an identity of its economic power. 

2. The fast pace of technological change. From industrialization to modernization, technology has
taken a significant role in business, government, and individuals.

3. Dispersed knowledge and technology. The increasing trends in communication revolution make
it more possible to move data and ideas from people to people and country to country at faster
and more convenient way.

 Innovation as a product of technological advancement have rendered national borders

irrelevant in international system.

Institutions and Globalization

• Institutions consist norms, set of activities, and regulate structures that provide meaning and
stability to the social behavior of a group (Peter, 2012).

• Meyer and Rowan (1977) describe the formation of institution as a symbolic manifestation on
the needs of society. The actions and behavior of the group members can change and alter the
movement of community and its people.

• A different view explained by Giddens (1979), states that institutions will not be recognized as
institutions if they do not shape the behavior of individuals.

Institutions and Globalization

 Global governance is directed by two important institutions: political and economic institutions.
The operation of the political and economic life of globalization depends on how plans are
implemented and how accountable these institutions are in their actions.

 International institutions are classified intergovernmental organizations that are formed by

national governments. These are international formal organizations that set rules and with the
purpose of regulating the flow of communication and movement of resources.

Institutions and Globalization

EXAMPLE

 The International Monetary Fund (IMF) performs globally and countries around the world
depend on the common rules set by the body. Like IMF, World Trade Organization (WTO) is an
international institution that plays key role in the management of global trade. Its member-
economies are bound to adhere and behave in accordance to its guidelines in the conduct of
international trade.
CHAPTER 3 SS1D

THE PRACTICE OF GLOBALIZATION

OUTLINE

• Globalization in Historical Perspectives

• Phases of Globalization

• Three Dimensions of Globalization

• Three Worlds and World Order

Globalization in Historical Perspectives

 There are key events and developments in the history of globalization from the time it was
initially observed and describe as a phenomenon up to the current era of advancement and
modernization.
 The useful checklist training the phases of globalization was drawn by Holton (1998), Sholte
(2001), and Lawson (2012).

First Phase Second Phase Third Phase

(Mid-18th Century – 1870s)
Development of international
networks
Beginning of international fairs
International relations through
treaties and agreements in
Europe
Establishment of International
Committee of the Red Cross in
1863
Significant development in
communication and
transportation
Development of international
competitions
First World War
Phases of Globalization
(1920s – 1960s)
Establishment of League of
Nations
Global effect of Cold War
Rise of Third World Countries in
international arena
Increased attention to
humanitarian works and
development aid
Introduction of global icons and
American consumerism
(1960s – Present)
Establishment of global
communication
Increasing power and influence
of international financial
institutions
Rapid rise of US and expansion
of western investments and
multinational firms
End of Cold War
Increase in social movement
and global civil society
Introduction of World Wide
Web and continuous influence
of telecommunications
Rise of global attention to
environmental concern and
snit-globalization campaign

 For a better grasp on the historical developments of globalization, Thomas Friedman described
the phases of globalization into three periods
 Globalization 1.0 Globalization 2.0 Globalization 3.0
(1492 – 1800) (1800 – 1950) (1950 – 2000)
Period of Mercantilism End of World War II Period of Technology and
Internet
Age of Industrialization (rise of Age of Pax Brittanica Age of Information
British Economy)
Inventions: Formation of Market Intensification of trade
 Steam engine Integration and worldwide and development of
 Printing press Institutionalizations of major Multinational corporations
 Railway system economic activities in global
market
Development of Social Systems New players and prominent
and Institutions: economic actors:
 Government  China
 Education  ASEAN
 Exchange of goods  European Union
within the region  Japan
 South Korea
Three Dimensions of Globalization

 Anthony Giddens described the globalization as intensification of worldwide social relations. The
global economic activity is the most obvious face of this phenomenon where economic activities
have immense effect to other global operations such as governments, education, and
technology.

World Capitalist  Primary force of globalization.

Economy  Capitalists states are the main engines of global production and
distribution of goods and services.
 Capitalists engage in transnational operation maintaining pool of
resources such as labor and capital.
 Multinational corporations are very powerful in controlling
domestic and foreign market.
Nation-state System  Sovereignty of states has been emphasized as a primary part of
independence and autonomy.
 The concept of sovereignty in a globalized world is understood as
the best form of asserting the existence and operation of a state in
order to be recognized.
 It has been used as a major political unit in international relations.
 Nation-states have the right to make their own collective
objectives.
World Military  Strengthening military power is the priority of the first world
countries as well as the developing and third world countries.
 Budget allotted by governments to defense and military surged
hundred folds with the aim of delivering world-class defense
operation and services to its people.
 US maintains the rank as the world’s most powerful military in
terms of military spending (SIPRI, 2017).
Three Worlds and World Order

• The concept of First World, Second World, and Third World was a construct of the Cold War era.

• There were number of interpretations on the origin of Cold War.

• First, the conflict was cause by aggressive behavior and domestic policies of Soviet Union
prompting other countries especially the US to react.

• Second, the cold war was a result of the US economic system of expansionist-capitalism.

• Third, the war was a consequence of security response from the two countries on the power
vacuum and threat of central Europe.

First World Second World Third World

During Cold War Unites States Soviet Union Neutral and non-
United Kingdom China aligned Countries
Japan Estonia
Western European Lithuania
Countries Half of Germany
Vietnam
North Korea
Cuba
Description Powerful economies The idea of world order Countries are described
having stable is associated with role as less developed and
governments, robust of political and military developing economy or
financial markets, and power during Cold global south.
advanced and modern War.  
infrastructures, low The communist Most of the countries
poverty, and high countries of the Second have experience
standard of living World are found to be colonialism from
trapped between Western World.
poverty and prosperity.