CHAPTER 5

GLOBAL GOVERNANCE
 INTRODUCTION
• The resolution passed by the United Nations on ending conflicts on Rwanda,
Myanmar, Iraq and some parts of Africa calls binding commitments from countries
in contemporary world.
• As noted in it’s agenda, UN requires all its member-countries to deal with the
problems affecting humanity and environment.
 GLOBAL GOVERNMENT
AND GOVERNANCE
• Who is responsible in the entire operation of Globalization? Does global government exists?
Ann Florini of Bookings Institution (BI) describes that the Global Order that is not under the
control and umbrella of a particular political body.
• The term Global Government is a response on the actions of various stakeholders on
finding out pressing global problems like climate change and issues on peace and society.
• What the world has is the idea of Global Governance.
 PROBLEMS IN GLOBAL
GOVERNANCE
• The issue of taking the responsibility at a Global level is a challenge in the governance in
different organizations. The different international bodies like UN and WTO, have a little
authority over it’s member states.
• In a 2015 Study conducted by the World Health Organization, it was found out that there
are three existing gaps and issues in Global Governance.
Three existing gaps and issues in Global Governance:
1. Jurisdiction Gap
The lack of Global Governance in taking actions to problems affecting key sectors arises
from the absence of Authority.
2. Incentive Gap
Global Governance is formed with the participation of countries that have the interest to
deal problem affecting their sovereignty.
3. Participation Gap
Almost all International Organization are facing the problem of consensus in decision
making.
 POLITICAL SYSTEMS
• The kind of Political Systems used by a country has implications to the success of it’s
economy and the overall governance.
• Undayansakar (2012) identified the two dimensions of Political System.
First, a country emphasizes the importance of Individualism as supposed to collectivism.
Second, a system in which a country is either democratic or totalitarian in it’s form of
government.
 COLLECTIVISM AND
INDIVIDUALISM
Individualism
• Individualism is a political system that values the significance of individual over collective
goals.
• The idea of individualism is built on two elements. First, individual freedom and self
expression are important in the importance in the sense that individuals just like state have
sovereignty. The second element is the pursuit of economic interest among individuals.
Collectivism
• Collectivism on the other hand is a philosophy that stresses the importance of collectivist
goals over interest.
• The Greek Philosopher Plato believed that society and individuals must sacrifice something
for the good and interest of the majority.
 TOTALITARIANISM AND
DEMOCRACY
Democracy
• As part of liberal perspectives in international relations, democratic institutions and
governance focus on the role of individuals in political decision-making.
• The practice of direct participation in modern societies involves representation.
• Most democratic states have provided constitutional laws to safeguard the welfare and
interest of the people. Weson (1990) enumerated the (9) common practices and description
of an ideal representative democracy.
(9) Common Practices and description of an ideal representative democracy
• Freedom of expression, opinion and organization
• Freedom of media and press
• The conduct of regular elections
• Universal adult suffrage
• Specific and limited terms for elected officials
• Independent judiciary and court system
• Nonpolitical and nonpartisan police force
• Public access to information
 TOTALITARIANISM AND
DEMOCRACY
Totalitarianism
• This political system is built on the idea that society and citizens have no right and freedom
of expression.
• Totalitarian countries do not conduct of fair and honest election, the presence of media and
civil liberties.
• It is the pure opposite form of political system of democratic societies.
THERE ARE FOUR FORMS OF TOTALITARIANISM THAT EXIST IN THE
MODERN WORLD:
• Communist Totalitarianism- China, Cuba and North Korea have characteristics of this
form of totalitarianism.
• Theocratic Totalitarianism- Iran and Saudi Arabia are the example of countries under
theocratic totalitarianism.
• Tribal Totalitarianism- This system occurs when tribal group or party monopolizes the
political power of the country.
• Right-wing Totalitarianism- South Korea and Taiwan during the 70’s were describe as
countries that experienced right-wing totalitarianism.
 POLITICAL LAYERS AND
GEOPOLITICS
• States in contemporary world are hungry for power. With the ultimate goal to contain and
control other states and nations that do not enjoy much power or are considered as powerless
states in international arena.
• In a typical discourse, power is described as the ability of a person, group or institution to
affect the behavior of others even against their will.
• For us to identify powerful and powerless nations, we associate the term with military and
economic capability of the country.
 UNILATERALISM
• Unilateralism is any doctrine or agenda that supports one sided action.
• The power of post-cold war era remains exclusive to the enjoyment of United States which
has the authority to act in affecting other nations through executing set of rules and
regulations to follow suit.
 MULTILATERALISM
• Multiralism requires states to follow international norms and pay more respect to
international institutions; this is contrasted with uniteralism where a single state can
influence how international relations can be conducted.
• Multiralists suggest that for United States to maintain its hegemony and global power, it has
to form alliances and coalitions in a multipolar configuration of power.
The idea of multiralism includes three powers in international system.
• Bipolar
• Tripolarity
• Multipolar or multipolarity
 END.
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