Lesson 1:

Introduction to Program Logic

Formulation and Program Coding

Prepared by:
Raymond M. Cruz
 OBJECTIVES
After the completion of the chapter, students will be able to:

1. Understand the algorithms, as part of software development;

2. Define and identify the symbols used in flowcharting;
3. Analyze and design pseudocode and flowchart in solving a
problem; and
4. Create an algorithms, pseudocode, and flowchart in solving a
problem.
ALGORITHMS
It is a step by step instructions to
solve a specific problem.
ALGORITHMS

How to get ready for school:

1. Wake up.
2. Eat breakfast.
3. Practice good hygiene.
4. Get dressed.
5. Take everything you need.
6. Head out the door.
7. Ride your school bus.
“An algorithm is a representation
of a solution to a problem.”
There are two commonly used tools to help document program logic (the algorithm):

1. Pseudocode
2. Flowchart PSEUDOCODE

- is simply a numbered list of instructions to

perform some task.
- it is a simpler version of a programming
code in plain English before it is
implemented in a specific programming
language.
- it is meant to be a high-level way of
representing an algorithm without tying it to
a specific language.
PSEUDOCODE

Ways of Writing a Pseudocode:

1. Number each instruction;

○ This is to enforce the notion of an ordered sequence of
operations.
○ Furthermore we introduce a dot notation (e.g. 3.1 comes after 3
but before 4) to number subordinate operations for conditional
and iterative operations

2. Each instruction should be unambiguous and

effective; and
3. Completeness. Nothing is left out.
Basic Elements of Pseudocode:
1. Variable

- having a name and value.

Example: number = 1
(name) (value)

- There are two operations performed on a variable.

• Assignment Operation
• Read Operation
Basic Elements of Pseudocode:

2. Assigned Operation

- the one which associates a value to a

variable.
- While writing Pseudo-code you may follow your own syntax.

Some of the possible syntaxes are:

- Assign 1 to number
- Set number equal to 1 Pseudocode:
Step 1: Start
1. Example: number = 1
Step 2: Assign 1 to number.
(name) (value)
Step 3: End
Pseudocode:
first_name = “Mariella” Step 1: Start
(name) (value) Step 2: Set first_name is equal to “Mariella”.
Step 3: End
Basic Elements of Pseudocode:

3. Read Operation
- intends to retrieve the value previously assigned to that
variable.
Example:
- Set the value of num1 equal to the value of num2.
Operation:num1 = 5
num2 = 6 Pseudocode:
num1 = num2 Step 1: Start
Step 2: Assign 5 to num1.
Output: num1 = Step 3: Assign 6 to num2.
6
num2 = Step 4: Set the value of num1 equal
6 to the value of num2.
Step 5: End
 Basic Elements of Pseudocode:

4. Read the input from user

- get the value of a variable from the user

Example #1:
Example #2:(STRING)
1. Operation: number(variable)
2. Operation: name(variable)
Enter a number: 5
Enter your name: JOSH
Output: number = 5
Output: name = “JOSH”
Pseudocode:
Step 1: Start Pseudocode:
Step 2: Print “Enter a number:”, number. Step 1: Start
Step 3: End Step 2: Print “Enter a your name:”, name.
Step 3: End
Basic Elements of Pseudocode:

5. Print the output to the user

- Print x (This will print value of variable x)
- Print “Your mileage is” x

Operation: name (variable)

Enter your name: JUNIOR
name= “JUNIOR” Pseudocode:
Output: HELLO JUNIOR Step 1: Start
Step 2: Print “Enter a your name:”, name
Step 3: Print “HELLO”, name.
Step 4: End
Basic Elements of Pseudocode:

*Carry out basic arithmetical computation

Example
- Add num1 and num2
- Subtract num2 from num1
 Example:
Pseudocode for adding two numbers.

Step 1: Begin.
Step 2: Print “Enter first number:”, num1.
Step 3: Print “Enter second number:”, num2.
Step 4: Add num1 and num2 for the value of sum.
Step 5: Print “The sum is “, sum.
Step 6: Quit.

num1 = 10
Enter first number: 10
num2 = 5
Enter second number: 5
sum = num1 + num2
The sum is 15
sum= 15
EXAMPLES
BASIC ARITHMETIC nname = “Ella”
fnum = 10
snum = 5
difference = fnum - snum

PSEUDOCODE

- Step 1: Start
- Step 2: Print “Enter your nickname”, nname.
- Step 3: Print “Enter first number:”, fnum.
- Step 4: Print “Enter second number:”, snum.
- Step 5: Subtract snum from fnum for the value
of difference.
- Step 6: Print “Good day,”, nname, “!”.
- Step 7: Print “The difference of”, fnum, “and “,
snum, “is “, difference
- Step 8: End
DECISION MAKING fnum = 6
snum = 3

PSEUDOCODE

- Step 1: Start
- Step 2: Print “Enter first number:”, fnum.
- Step 3: Print “Enter second number:”, snum.
- Step 4: If fnum is greater than the value of snum.
- Step 4.1: Print fnum, “ is greater than “, snum.
- Step 5: Else, print snum, “ is greater than “, fnum.
- Step 6: End
 current_year = 2020
LOOPING name = “Mariella”
birth_year = 1998
age = current_year - birth_year

PSEUDOCODE
- Step 1: Start
- Step 2: Read current_year=2020
- Step 3: Print “Enter your name:”, name
- Step 4: Print “Enter your birth year:”, birth_year
- Step 5: The value of age is equal to
current_year minus birth_year.
- Step 6: Print “Hi”, name, “! You are ”, age, “ years
old this year 2020.”
- Step 7: Print “Do you want to try again? (Y or N)”,
answer
- Step 8: Check if answer is equals to ‘Y’.
- Step 8.1: Then, go to Step 3.
- Step 9: Else, print “Thank you!”
- Step 10: End
Thank you and God bless! 

___