LANGUAGE ASPECTS SCIENCE

XTA-23-CU
group student
Sirojiddinova Zebo
WORD STRESS
& SENTENCE STRESS
Three factors for the description of English vowels

I. The height of the body of the tongue –

highest point of tongue (vertical axis);

II. The front-back position of the tongue –

highest point of tongue (horizontal axis);

III. The degree of lip rounding - lip posture

REVIEW OF VOWELS
The height of the body of the tongue
THE FRONT-BACK POSITION OF THE TONGUE
DESCRIPTION OF THE VOWELS

 Front & Central Vowels

 /:/ high, front, unrounded vowel

 // lower high, front, unrounded vowel
 /e/ mid, front, unrounded vowel
 /æ/ low, front, unrounded vowel
 /:/ mid, central, unrounded vowel
 /ə/ mid, central, unrounded vowel
 Back Vowels

 /:/low, back, unrounded vowel

 // low, back, rounded vowel
 /:/mid-low, back, rounded vowel
 /u/ lower high, back, rounded vowel
 /u:/ high, back, rounded vowel
 // lower mid, back, unrounded vowel
 UNIT 8: WORD STRESS

 English is a stress timed language

The English language is often referred to as stress-timed. Stress in a spoken

sentence occurs at regular intervals and the time to say something depends
on the number of stressed syllables rather than the number of syllables
itself.

 1234
 1 and 2 and 3 and 4
 1 and a 2 and a 3 and a 4
 1 and then a 2 and then a 3 and then a 4
WORD STRESS

 A word stress means a prominent syllable

word pattern

tea.cher •.

beau.ti.ful •..

un.der.stand ..•

con.ti.nue .•.
HOW TO PRONOUNCE WORD
STRESS?

When a syllable is stressed, it is pronounced

 longer in duration
 higher in pitch
 louder in volume
 Longer teeeeeeeeeeee cher
tea
Higher
cher
Louder TEA cher
All three TEEEEEEEEEEE
HOW DO YOU SAY TEACHER?
combined cher
WORD STRESS RULE
Where is the
Word type Examples
stress?
center
on the first
Nouns object
syllable
flower
Two syllables
release
on the last
Verbs admit
syllable
arrange
desktop
Nouns
pencil case
(N + N) on the first part
bookshelf
(Adj. + N)
greenhouse
well-meant
Compound Adjectives
hard-headed
(Adj. + P.P.)
on the last part old-fashioned
(the verb part) understand
Verbs
overlook
(prep. + verb)
outperform
 Word type Where is the stress? Examples

turn off
Phrasal Verbs on the particle buckle up
hand out
economic
-ic Geometric
the syllable before the electrical
ending Technician
-tion, -cian, -sion graduation
Word with cohesion
added
ending -phy, -gy, -try, -cy, -fy, Photography
biology
-al
the third from the last geometry
syllable Parameter
-meter Thermometer
barometer
SENTENCE STRESS IN ENGLISH
 Sentence stress is the music of spoken English. Like word
stress, sentence stress can help you to understand spoken
English, especially when spoken fast.

 Sentence stress is what gives English its rhythm or "beat".

You remember that word stress is accent on one syllable
within a word. Sentence stress is accent on certain words
within a sentence.
Most sentences have two types of word:

content words
structure words

Content words are the key words of a sentence.

They are the important words that carry the
meaning or sense.
Structure words are not very important words.
They are small, simple words that make the
sentence correct grammatically.

If you remove the structure words from a sentence,

you will probably still understand the sentence.
Imagine that you receive this telegram message:

SELL CAR GONE FRANCE

SELL my CAR I’ve GONE to FRANCE

Will you SELL my CAR because I’ve GONE to FRANCE

 2 1 3 1

Will you SELL my CAR because I’ve GONE to FRANCE

RULES FOR SENTENCE STRESS IN ENGLISH

The basic rules of sentence stress are:

1. content words are stressed

2. structure words are unstressed
3. the time between stressed words is always the same
Content words - stressed
Words carrying the meaning Example
main verbs SELL, GIVE, EMPLOY
nouns CAR, MUSIC, MARY
adjectives RED, BIG, INTERESTING
adverbs QUICKLY, LOUDLY, NEVER
negative auxiliaries DON'T, AREN'T, CAN'T

Structure words - unstressed

Words for correct grammar Example
pronouns he, we, they
prepositions on, at, into
articles a, an, the
conjunctions and, but, because
auxiliary verbs do, be, have, can, must