Module 3 1 Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

Module 3
Problem Solving
and
Reasoning
Topic 3 - 1
INDUCTIVE AND
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
Specific Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:

1. Define inductive and deductive reasoning.
2. Differentiate inductive reasoning from deductive
reasoning.
3. Demonstrate the correct way in using the two
kinds of reasoning.
4. Apply the concept of patterns in mathematics to
solve problems in inductive and deductive reasoning which lead
into correct conjecture by creating their own reasoning.
Module 3 | Topic 3-1 : Problem Solving and Reasoning (Inductive and Deductive Reasoning)
What is Inductive Reasoning?
The type of reasoning that forms a conclusion based on the examination of specific
examples is called inductive reasoning. The conclusion formed by using inductive reasoning is often
called a conjecture, since it may or may not be correct or in other words, it is a concluding statement
that is reached using inductive reasoning.
Inductive reasoning uses a set of specific observations to reach an overarching conclusion;

it is the opposite of deductive reasoning.
So in short, inductive reasoning is the process of reaching a general conclusion by

examining specific examples.
Note that when you examine a list of numbers and predict the next number in the list
according to some pattern you have observed, you are using inductive reasoning.
Remark: inductive reasoning does not guarantee a true result, it only provides a means of making
a conjecture.
We may be able to establish the truth of a conjecture if we can formally prove its absolute
truth from basic principles known (or accepted) to be true.
Again…
Inductive reasoning moves

from specific observations to
general principles
Based on the given definition in the previous slide,
we could illustrate inductive reasoning by means of a
diagram.
In inductive reasoning, we use the “then”
and “now” approach. The “then” idea is to use
the data to find pattern and make a prediction
and the “now” idea is to make a conjecture base
on the inductive reasoning or find a counter-
example.
Definition for counter example will be

discussed on the latter part of our lecture.
Example:
Use inductive reasoning to predict the next number in each of the following
list:
3, 6, 9, 12, 15, ?
Explanation using inductive reasoning:
The given sequence of number is clearly seen that each

successive number is three (3) larger than the preceding number,
which is if the first number is increased by 3 the result is 6. Now,
when this 6 is increased by 3 the next number would be 9. If we are
going to continue the process, if 15 is increased by 3 then the next
number would be 18. Hence the required number is 18.
Example:
Use inductive reasoning to predict the next number in each of the following
list:
1, 3, 6, 10, 15, ?
Explanation using inductive reasoning:
The first two numbers is differ by 2. The second and the third
number is differ by 3. The third and the fourth number is differ by 4. It
appears that the difference between any two numbers is always 1 more
than the preceding difference. Now, since 10 and 15 is differ by 5, we
predict that the next number after 15 is increased by 6. Hence, the next
number would be 21.
Example:
Write a conjecture that describe the pattern 2, 4, 12, 48, 240. Then use the conjecture to
find the next item in the sequence.
Step 1. Look for a pattern
2 4 12 48 240 … ?
Step 2.
The numbers are multiplied by 2, then 3, then 4, then 5. The next

number will be the product of 240 times 6 or 1,140. So, the answer is 1,440
Example:
Write a conjecture that describes the pattern shown below. Then use the
conjecture to find the next figure in the sequence.
3 9 18 ?
+6 +9 +12
(3)(2) (3)(3) (3)(4)
Step 2. Make a conjecture
The figure will increase by the next multiple of 3. If we add 12, the next
figure is made of 30 segments.
Example:
1/12, 1/22, 1/32, 1/42, 1/52, ?
Step 2. Make a conjecture
The next term has a denominator that is the next “perfect

square” or next integer squared. So the next item would be 1/36.
Example:
Write a conjecture that describes the pattern in the sequence. Then use the
conjecture to find the next item or figure in the sequence.
Step 1. Pattern
1 3 6 10 ?
+2 +3 +4 +5
Step 2. Write the conjecture
The next figure will be have five more circles or 10 + 5. So there will be 15 circles
in the next figure.
Example:
Consider the following procedure:

Pick a number
Multiply the number by 8
Add 6 to the product
Divide the sum by 2
Subtract 3
Complete the above procedure for several different

numbers then use the inductive reasoning to make a
conjecture about the relationship between the size of the
resulting number and the size of the original number.
Solution:
Let us say you pick 5 as your original
• Pick a number
number. Then following the procedure,
• Multiply the the result would be;
number by 8
• Add 6 to the Original number: 5
product
• Divide the Multiply by 8: 5 x 8 = 40
sum by 2 Add 6: 40 + 6 = 46
• Subtract 3 Divide by 2: 46 2 = 23
Subtract 3: 23 – 3 = 20
Solution:
Now, let us say you pick 7 as the original
• Pick a number
number. Again, following the procedure
• Multiply the the result would be,
number by 8
product
sum by 2 Add 6: 56 + 6 = 62
Subtract 3: 31 – 3 = 28
Solution:
Let us say you pick 10 as the original
• Pick a number
number. Again, following the procedure
• Multiply the the result would be,
number by 8
product
sum by 2 Add 6: 80 + 6 = 86
Subtract 3: 43 – 3 = 40
CONJECTURE
We started 5 as original number, we produced

20. If we start 7, we produced 28 and if we start 10,
we produced 40. By keen observation, the resulting
number is 4 time the original number. Hence,
following the given procedure produces a number
that is four times the original number.
Application of Inductive Reasoning
(Using inductive reasoning to solve a

problem)
Inductive reasoning is very essential to solve
some practical problems that you may encounter.
With the use of inductive reasoning, we can easily
predict a solution or an answer of a certain
problem.
Here, we can see an illustrative examples on

how to solve a certain problem using inductive
reasoning.
Example:
Use the data below and with the use of inductive reasoning,
answer each of the following questions:
1. If a pendulum has a length of 49 units, what is its period?
2. If the length of a pendulum is quadrupled, what happens to its
period?
Length of Pendulum in Period of Pendulum in

Units heartbeats
1 1 Note: The period of a pendulum

4 is the time it takes for the
9 pendulum to swing from left to
right and back to its original
16 position.
25
36
Example:
period?
Units heartbeats
1 1
Note: The period of a pendulum
4 2 is the time it takes for the
16 right and back to its original
position.
25
36
Example:
period?
Units heartbeats
1 1
right and back to its original
25 position.
36
Example:
period?

Units heartbeats
1 1
Note: The period of a pendulum
9 3 pendulum to swing from left to
16 4 right and back to its original
position.
25
36
Example:
period?

Units heartbeats
1 1
is the time it takes for the
25 5 position.
36
Example:
period?

Units heartbeats
1 1
4 2
is the time it takes for the
36 6 position.
Solution:
1. In the table, each pendulum has a period that is

the square root of its length. Thus, we conjecture
that a pendulum with a length of 49 units will have a
period of 7 heartbeats.
2. In the table, a pendulum with a length of 4 units has a

period that is twice that of pendulum with a length of 1
unit. A pendulum with a length of 16 units has a period
that is twice that of pendulum with a length of 4 units. It
appears that quadrupling the length of a pendulum doubles
its period.
Example:
The number of lilies in a lake was found to be increasing according to following table.
Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5

Number of Lilies 4 8 16 32 64
a) How many lilies will there be in week 7?

b) How many lilies will there be in week 9?
c) In which week will there be 4096 lilies?
d) If half of the lake was covered with lilies in Week 16, then in which
week was a quarter of the lake covered with lilies?
Example:

a) How many lilies will there be in week 7?
Solution:
The pattern is: Number of lilies doubles each week.
a) In week 7, there will be 256 lilies.
Example:

b) How many lilies will there be in week 9?
Solution:
b) In week 9, there will be 1024 lilies.
Example:

c) In which week will there be 4096 lilies?
Solution:
c) There be 4096 lilies in week 11.
Example:

d) If half of the lake was covered with lilies in Week 16, then in which
week was a quarter of the lake covered with lilies?
Solution:
d) A quarter of the lake covered with lilies in week 15
Example:
The diagram below shows a series of squares formed by small square tiles. Complete the
table below.
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 10th 15th
Number of tiles 4 8 12 16
Solution:
The pattern: each subsequent square increases by 4 tiles.
6th 10th 15th

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
Number of tiles
4 8 12 16
Solution:
6th 10th 15th

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
Number of tiles
4 8 12 16 20
Solution:
6th 10th 15th

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
Number of tiles
24
4 8 12 16 20
Solution:
6th 10th 15th

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
Number of tiles
24 40
4 8 12 16 20
Solution:
6th 10th 15th

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th
Number of tiles
24 40 60
4 8 12 16 20
Example:
Each member of a club shook hands with every other member who came for a meeting. There were a
total of 45 handshakes. How many members were present at the meeting?
Let’s draw a diagram!

A B C D E F G H I J
A
B ●
C ● ●
D ● ● ●
E ● ● ● ●
F ● ● ● ● ●
G ● ● ● ● ● ●
H ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
I ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
J ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●
HS 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Total = 9 + 8 + 7 + 6 + 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 45 handshakes
There were 10 members
Other solution: Using method of Gauss.
1 + 2 + 3 +…+ 9 = S
9+8+…+2+1=S
10 + 10 + … + 10 + 10 = 2S
9(10) = 2S
2S = 9(9 + 1)
S = 9(9 + 1)/2
S= 45
Note:
There are some instances that drawing
conclusion using inductive reasoning is not
always true. Keep in mind that just because
a pattern holds true for a few cases, it does
not mean that the pattern will continue.
When you use inductive reasoning, you
have no guarantee that your conclusion is
correct!
Let us consider this example. How many regions that can be
formed by line segment in a circle if a circle is composed of one, two,
three, four, five and six dots along its circumference?
Number 1 2 3 4 5 6
of Dots
1 2 4 8 16 ?
Region
COUNTEREXAMPLE
A statement is a true statement provided that it is true for
all cases. If you find one case for which a statement is not true,
called a counterexample, then the statement in a false statement.
Let us have some illustration to verify if each statement

given below is a false statement by giving a counterexample for
each.
For all number x:
a) |x| > 0 b) x2 > x c)
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
Another type of reasoning is
called deductive reasoning. It is
distinguished from logic and from
inductive reasoning
What is DEDUCTIVE REASONING?
Deductive reasoning is
the process of reaching
conclusion by applying
general assumptions,
procedure or principle or it is
a process of reasoning
logically from given
statement to a conclusion.
The concept of deductive reasoning is often expressed visually using a funnel that narrows a
general idea into a specific conclusion.
Deductive Reasoning in
Theory
GENERAL IDEAS
First minor premise that fits

within general truth
Second minor premise that

fits within first premise
SPECIFIC CONCLUSION
Deductive reasoning is the kind of reasoning in which,
roughly, the truth of the input propositions (the premises) logically
guarantees the truth of the output proposition (the conclusion),
provided that no mistake has been made in the reasoning. The
premises may be propositions that the reasoner believes or
assumptions that the reasoner is exploring and the most basic
form of deductive reasoning is the syllogism, where two premises
that share some idea which is supported by a conclusion.
Illustration:
A is B
C is A
Therefore, B is C.
Illustration:
All muscles are made out of a living tissue.
Humans have muscles.
Therefore, all humans are made of a living

tissue.
Illustration:
x=b
b=1
x = 1
Illustration:
All living things need water to survive.
Mammals are living things.
Mammals need water to survive.
Note that on the previous illustrations,
the first two statements are what we called
premises while the last one is the
conclusion. Two premises are the major
and the minor premises and these are
called an argument known as syllogism
What is “Syllogism”?
Syllogism is a form of deductive reasoning where you

arrive at a specific conclusion by examining two other premises or
ideas. Syllogism derives from the Greek word syllogismos, meaning
conclusion or inference.
It is an argument composed of two statements or premises

(the major and minor premises), followed by a conclusion.
Major Premise: Statement “P”
Minor Premise : Statement “Q”
Conclusion : Statement “R”
Major Premise : All muscles are made out of a
living tissue.
Minor Premise: All humans have muscles.
Conclusion: All humans are made of a

living tissue.
TYPES OF SYLLOGISM
There are different types of
syllogism and these are
categorical syllogism,
conditional syllogism and
disjunctive syllogism.
However, other major kinds of
syllogism will not be discussed
on this lesson.
Categorical Syllogism
As we know, our first

example about muscle was a
categorical syllogism.
Categorical syllogisms
follow an "If A is part of C,
then B is part of C" logic.
ILLUSTRATION:
All cars have wheels. I drive a car. Therefore, my car
has wheels.
Major Premise: All cars have wheels.
Minor Premise: I drive a car.
Conclusion: My car has wheels.

ILLUSTRATION:
All insects frighten me. That is an insect. Therefore, I
am frightened.
Major Premise: All insects frighten me.
Minor Premise: That is an insect.
Conclusion: I am frightened.
Conditional Syllogism
Conditional syllogisms follow

an "If A is true, then B is true"
pattern of logic. They're often
referred to as hypothetical
syllogisms because the arguments
aren't always valid. Sometimes
they're merely an accepted truth.
ILLUSTRATION:
If Roderick is smart, then his parents must be smart.
Major premise: Roderick is smart.
Conclusion: Roderick’s parents are smart.
ILLUSTRATION:
If Ernesto wants to go to Tagaytay, then he must drive
a car.
Major premise: Ernesto will go to

Tagaytay.
Conclusion: Ernesto will drive his car.
Disjunctive Syllogism
Disjunctive syllogisms follow a

"Since A is true, B must be false"
premise. They don't state if a major
or minor premise is correct. But it's
understood that one of them is
correct.
ILLUSTRATION:
Major Premise: This cake is either vanilla or

chocolate.
Minor Premise: It's not chocolate.
Conclusion: This cake is vanilla.

ILLUSTRATION:
Major Premise: On the TV show “Ang Probinsyano”,

the President is either dead or alive.
Minor Premise: The president is not dead.
Conclusion: The president is alive.
Rules of Syllogism
There are six known rules of syllogism. However,
they mainly apply to categorical syllogism, since that is
the only category that requires three components: major
premise, minor premise and a conclusion. Here are six
rules that will ensure you're making a strong and accurate
argument.
Rule One: There must be three terms: the major premise,
the minor premise, and the conclusion - no more, no less.
Rule Two: The minor premise must be distributed in at

least one other premise.
Rule Three: Any terms distributed in the conclusion must

be distributed in the relevant premise.
Rule Four: Do not use two negative premises.
Rule Five: If one of the two premises are negative, the

conclusion must be negative.
Rule Six: From two universal premises, no conclusion may

be drawn.
Note that the above paragraph states that the premises prove the
conclusion, not justify it. Deductive reasoning is meant to demonstrate
that the conclusion is absolutely true based on the logic of the premises.
For any given set of premises, if the conclusion is guaranteed, the

arguments is said to be valid.
If the conclusion is not guaranteed (at least one instance in which

the conclusion does not follow), the argument is said to be invalid.
BE CAREFUL, DO NOT CONFUSE TRUTH WITH VALIDITY!
Now, let us examine the given syllogism below:
All musical instruments make sounds.
Airplanes make sounds.
Therefore, airplanes are musical instruments.
What can you say about the syllogism? Is it

valid or not?
Another Example for Deductive Reasoning
Use deductive reasoning to show that the following produces

a number that is four times the original number.
Procedures: Solution:
Pick a number. Let n be the original number.

Multiply the number by 8.
Add 6 to the product. Multiply by 8: 8n
Divide the sum by 2 Add 6 to the product: 8n + 6
Subtract the quotient by 3. Divide the sum by 2: (8n + 6) / 2 = 4n + 3
Subtract 3: 4n + 3 – 3 = 4n
We started with n and ended with 4n. The procedure

given in this example produces a number that is four times the
original number.
Self-Learning Activity
Identify the premise and conclusion in each of the following arguments. Tell whether also if the
following arguments is an inductive or deductive reasoning.
1. The building of College of Informatics and Computing Sciences in BatStateU Alangilan is

made out of cement. Both building of the College of Engineering, Architecture and Fine Arts and the
College of Industrial Technology in BatStateU Alangilan are made out of cement. Therefore, all building of
Batangas State University is made out of cement.
2. All birds has wings. Eagle is a bird. Therefore, eagle is a bird.
3. Use inductive reasoning to predict the next three numbers on the following series of numbers.
3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, ____, _____, _____, …
1, 2, 6, 15, 31, _____, ______, ______, …
1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, ______, _____, _____, ….

4. Write the next possible equation on the following series of an equation.
37 x 3 = 111
37 x 6 = 222
37 x 9 = 333
37 x 12 = 444
_____?______
5. Assume that the figure below is made up of square tiles.
a1 a2 a3 a4
What would be the correct formula to determine the number of square tiles in the nth term
of a sequence?

Module 3 1 Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Module 3 1 Inductive and Deductive Reasoning

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Module 3

At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:

Inductive reasoning uses a set of specific observations to reach an overarching conclusion;

So in short, inductive reasoning is the process of reaching a general conclusion by

Inductive reasoning moves

Definition for counter example will be

The given sequence of number is clearly seen that each

Step 1. Look for a pattern

The numbers are multiplied by 2, then 3, then 4, then 5. The next

Step 1. Look for a pattern

(3)(2) (3)(3) (3)(4)

Step 2. Make a conjecture

Step 1. Look for a pattern

1/12, 1/22, 1/32, 1/42, 1/52, ?

Step 2. Make a conjecture

The next term has a denominator that is the next “perfect

Step 2. Write the conjecture

Consider the following procedure:

Complete the above procedure for several different

We started 5 as original number, we produced

(Using inductive reasoning to solve a

Here, we can see an illustrative examples on

Length of Pendulum in Period of Pendulum in

1 1 Note: The period of a pendulum

Length of Pendulum in Period of Pendulum in

Length of Pendulum in Period of Pendulum in

Length of Pendulum in Period of Pendulum in

1. In the table, each pendulum has a period that is

2. In the table, a pendulum with a length of 4 units has a

Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5

a) How many lilies will there be in week 7?

Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5

a) How many lilies will there be in week 7?

a) In week 7, there will be 256 lilies.

Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5

b) How many lilies will there be in week 9?

b) In week 9, there will be 1024 lilies.

Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5

c) In which week will there be 4096 lilies?

c) There be 4096 lilies in week 11.

Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5

d) A quarter of the lake covered with lilies in week 15

1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 10th 15th

The pattern: each subsequent square increases by 4 tiles.

6th 10th 15th

The pattern: each subsequent square increases by 4 tiles.

6th 10th 15th

The pattern: each subsequent square increases by 4 tiles.

6th 10th 15th

The pattern: each subsequent square increases by 4 tiles.

6th 10th 15th

The pattern: each subsequent square increases by 4 tiles.

6th 10th 15th

Let’s draw a diagram!

Let us have some illustration to verify if each statement

For all number x:

a) |x| > 0 b) x2 > x c)

First minor premise that fits

Second minor premise that

All muscles are made out of a living tissue.

Humans have muscles.

Therefore, all humans are made of a living

All living things need water to survive.

Mammals are living things.

3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, __, _, ___, …

1, 2, 6, 15, 31, _, , ____, …

1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, ____, _, ___, ….