:electrolyte Nonelectrolytes

A substance that, in solution or

A substance that, in solution or when when molten, dos not ionize or
molten, ionizes and conducts electricity conduct electricity

Weak Electrolytes STRONG Electrolytes

Weak electrolytes are substances that Weak electrolytes are substances that
exhibit a small degree of ionization in exhibit a complet ionization in
water . That is, they produce relatively water.That is, they is disociated when
,few ions when dissolved in water , they dissolve in water
electrochemical cells
 Electrolytic cell
Nonspontaneous
Galvanic Cell
Spontaneous
They are cells converts chemical energy
into electric energy
Spontaneous
Galvanic Cell
 Galvanic Cell
a device that can change chemical energy into electrical energy

Line Notation Zn / Zn2+ // Cu2+ / Cu

Role of salt bridge
helps in preventing the accumulation of positive and negative charges around-1

.the respective electrodes and further allows a smooth reaction to take place

It also helps in the continual flow of electrons. However, the purpose of a salt -2

bridge is not to move electrons from the electrolyte; rather, it’s to maintain charge

.balance because the electrons are moving from one-half cell to the other

A salt bridge prevents the diffusion or mechanical flow of solution from one--3

.half cell to another

.standard hydrogen electrode (SHE)
Standard Reduction Potentials
Solution

Line Notation
Line Notation
Description of a Galvanic Cell

Line Notation
Line Notation
 https://www.bing.com/videos/riverview/relatedvideo?q=MESURE%20EMF%20OF%20GAVANIC
%20CELL%20PRACTICALLY&mid=2A0D96A4E353528AE2AF2A0D96A4E353528AE2AF&ajaxhist=0
 H.W
44 : 30
Cell Potential, Electrical Work,and Free Energy
 the efficiency of this cell is

the change in free energy equals the maximum useful work obtainable from
that process

,For standard conditions

predict whether 1 M HNO3 will dissolve
gold metal to form a 1-M Au3 solution
Dependence of Cell Potential on concentration
Concentration Cells
 The Nernst Equation

:The Nernst equation is often given in a form that is valid at 25oC

Example
Solution
Example
 The Nernst Equation
:At equilibrium

Q = k

The cell no longer has the ability to do work

Example
 Batteries

Primary( not charged )

secondary( recharged)
The Dry Cell Battery
In the alkaline version
The Mercury Battery
often used in calculators
Other types of useful batteries include the silver cell, which
has a Zn anode and a
cathode that uses Ag2O as the oxidizing agent in a basic
.environment
Fuel Cells
Lead Storage Battery secondary( recharged)
Nickel–cadmium battery secondary( recharged)

2
Lithium-ion batteries secondary( recharged)

Lithium-ion batteries are used in cell

phones, laptop computers, power tools, and even
electric drive systems in automobiles
.and motorcycles
Corrosion
 Prevention of Corrosion
paint or metal plating-1
Chromium and tin are often used to plate steel
,galvanizing -2

Alloying -3

Cathodic protection -4
Balancing Oxidation–Reduction Reactions (Acidic)