Pompey and Caesar

52 BCE – 44 BCE
 Announcements
• Article analysis 2: due today or next week
• Announcements coming next week:
– Feedback on grading system
– Peer evaluations
– Poll on readings

• Course evaluations
– Open now, until December 4th (last day of classes)
– Go to the My CU Account page, then open the Academic menu

• Final exam
– December 13th, 9 am – noon
– MB S2.285 OR MB S2.330 → check which one you’re assigned to!
– Closed book
 Final exam

Part 1: Term identification

Choice: Pick 5 out of 10

Points: 60

Write a paragraph explaining the term. A good answer

will address who, what, where, when and why with
specific information. Each answer must also address
the wider significance of the term and how it fits in
with the bigger picture discussed in the course.
 Final exam

Part 2: Source identification

Choice: Pick 2 out of 3

Points: 40

Identify the author, work, date (to the century)

and significance of the quote. In a few
paragraphs, discuss the themes, concepts and
information in the quote, as well as how it
relates to course-wide topics.
 Final exam study tips

For the identification questions, there is an easy way to study. Make up your
own list of terms. Go through the lecture notes and the readings, and copy out
all the terms you think would make good identification questions, then make
sure you know the information necessary to give a good answer for each of
them.


For the source identification questions, make sure you know the names of all
the authors and works we’ve read this semester, and when each one was
written. Go back over the readings, make sure you know what the important
themes, characters and concepts are in each reading. Look over your
discussion responses to see what sorts of things we talked about for each one.


We will do practice questions/answers in your group during the last discussion
class
 Clodius, Cicero,
Pompey and Caesar
58 BCE – 44 BCE
 Clodius’ tribunate (58)
• Grain law
• Collegia
• Change in way
business could be
suspended
• Exile of Cicero
• Conflict with Pompey
• Conflict with Caesar
• Fulvia and Clodia
 Opposition to Clodius
• T. Annius Milo, tribune 57
• Cicero back from exile
• Cicero against Clodius
• Pompey given responsibility for grain
supply
• Clodius elected aedile of 56
 Cicero’s
speeches
after his
return
• Speeches including
On the responses of
the haruspices, On
his own house
• Issue of houses –
temple to Libertas
• Intense continuation
of the rivalry between
Clodius and Cicero
 56: Cicero’s In Defense of
Sestius
• Publius Sestius: opponent of Clodius, ally of Cicero and
Milo
• Involved in physical conflicts – prosecuted de vi (for
violence) by allies of Clodius
• Cicero’s defense is successful
• Long digression on how the state is divided between
optimates and populares – how to interpret it?
• Interpretation of Cicero’s speeches more generally –
relationship between written speech and spoken
speech? How to know if he’s lying?
 The Conference at Luca (56)
• Renewal of friendship
between Caesar,
Pompey and Crassus
• Crassus and Pompey
will run for consulship of
55
• Clodius and Cicero told
to calm down
 Military commands
• Each for five years
• Caesar keeps Gaul
– Vercingetorix
• Pompey gets Spain
• Death of Julia (54)
• Crassus gets Syria
(war against Parthia)
– 53, defeat at
Carrhae: death of
Crassus, loss of the
standards
 Chaos in 52
• Clodius running for
praetorship
• Milo running for consulship
• Conflict on the Via Appia
• Riot and burning of senate
house
• SCU for sole consulship for
Pompey
• Cameo by Sallust, tribune
of the plebs
 52: Cicero’s In Defense of Milo
(Pro Milone)
• Cicero’s defense of Milo
for the killing of Clodius
• Read Berry’s
introduction and
translation of Asconius
carefully!
• Themes: violence,
Clodius as villain, how
to protect the state?
 Sources
• Later historians: Appian, Florus, etc.
• Biographers: Plutarch, Suetonius
• Poets: Lucan’s Pharsalia
• Speeches and letters: Cicero
• First-hand account: Caesar’s Gallic Wars and
Civil Wars
• How to evaluate sources? Is ‘history written by
the victor’?
 Consulship of Pompey, 52 BCE
• Death of Clodius
• Supported by Cato, etc.
• Chose an optimate as colleague (Q.
Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio)
• Married colleague’s daughter
Cornelia
• In contrast to previous law, law
requiring candidates to enter Rome
– exception for Caesar?
• Increasing alliance between Pompey
and optimates (who hated Caesar
the most)
 Caesar’s return from Gaul
• Military success, including invasion
(but not conquest) of Britain
• Caesar wants to run for next
consulship – importance of
maintaining imperium, law passed
by tribunes to allow it law of
Pompey against (?) it
• Pompey given command against
Parthia
• C. Scribonius Curio (tribune 50) –
both should give up their
extraordinary commands, passed
by senate 370 to 22
• “Caesar could not endure a
superior and Pompey could not
abide an equal.” (Lucan, Pharsalia)
 Caesar’s return from Gaul
• Consuls authorize
Pompey raising army,
Metellus Scipio
proposes a law
criminalizing Caesar
unless he relinquishes
command
• M. Antonius (tribune 49)
vetoes, he and colleague
end up fleeing to Caesar
• Stand-off
• January 49, SCU
• Caesar crosses the
Rubicon
 Return of civil war in 49
• Pompey and
optimates shocked,
hadn’t really prepared
• Caesar marches
through Italy, doesn’t
punish anyone
• Pompey and
optimates take armies
and go to Greece