INTRODUCTION

 A jack is a mechanical device which uses a screw thread or a

hydraulic cylinder to lift heavy loads or apply great linear forces.

 Mechanical jacks are either hand operated or driven by power.

 Jacks are used normally in lifting cars so that a tire can be

changed.

 A screw jack is a mechanical device used as a lifting device to lift

heavy loads by applying minimal forces.
 CONT…
A mechanical jack employs a screw thread for lifting heavy equipment.

Screw jack is used to lift the weight using rotational motion into push-
pull linear motion using screw square thread.

 The rotational motion can be provided manually or electrically using

motors.
The jack is manufactured by various types of metal,

screw jacks are designed purposely for lifting or lowering loads,

 A screw jack is mostly used in cars but also used in many other ways,
including industrial machinery & even airplanes.

They may be short, may be tall, fat, or thin depending on the amount of
pressure they will be under and the area or the space which they need to fit
into.
 CONT…

There are typically two type’s screw jacks. These two jacks vary in thei
size depending upon how much load they are going to lift.

1) Mechanical Jacks: The mechanical jack lifts heavy load of

equipment.

Also There are two types of mechanical jacks:

) Scissor jacks are simple mechanisms used to drive large loads for
short distances.

 The power screw design of a common scissor jack reduces the

amount of force required by the user to drive the mechanism.
 CONT….

B) Bottle (cylindrical) Jacks: usually operate either by turning the screw

when the position of nut is fixed; or may be by Rotating motion of the nut
and preventing turning motion of the screw.

2. Hydraulic jacks are typically used for shop work, rather than as an
emergency jack to be carried with the vehicle.

 Use of hydraulic jacks not designed for a specific vehicle, it requires more
care in selecting ground conditions, and the jacking point on the vehicle.

 Hydraulic jacks are often used to lift elevators in low and medium rise
buildings.

 A hydraulic jack uses a fluid, which is incompressible, that is forced into a

cylinder by a pump plunger. Oil is used since it is self-lubricating and stable.
 PROBLEM STATEMENT
A screw jack is to convert rotary motion into linear motion, and vice
versa, with a higher mechanical advantage.

 commonly used in various mechanical applications for lifting,

lowering, pushing, pulling, tilting, leveling or adjusting heavy loads
with precision and ease.

They are also used for positioning and holding objects in place.
 CONT…

 as a result designers design screw jacks

 however there are common problem of a screw jack is difficult to
move the screw jack from one place to another due to it is heavy
weight

 and using mechanical screw jack is the instability of jack due to

rotational friction of screw spindle and nut.

 So, in this project we want to improve and minimize this problem

by proper and serious way.
 OBJECTIV OF THE PROJECT

General objective

In this project we want to design mechanical screw jack

which can easily handle to move in working environment.

Specific objective
Select a material with desired properties for the design of a
screw jack.
To design and draw all parts of screw jack

To be designed Nut and collar for nut

 CONT…

To be designed Cup at the top of head for the load

To be designed head at the top of the screwed spindle for handle

To be designed body of the screw

To assemble well the screw jack

 DESIGN REQUIRMENT

 Proper size, strength and stability are the essential requirements for the
design of the screw jack from the safety considerations.

And also the requirements of designing screw jack are Increasing load
increases friction within the screw threads.

A fine pitch thread, which would increase the advantage of the screw, also
reduces the speed of which the jack can operate.

Using a longer operating lever soon reaches the point where the lever will
simply bend at its inner end.
CONT…

And also our project is limited by Lifting capacity =6.5KN

Minimum lifting height =310mm and Maximum lifting
height= 417mm and Lifting height =107mm
 CONT…

Vehicle class Curb weight in kg

Compact car 1354

Midsize car 1590

Large car 1985

Compact truck 1577

Midsize truck 1936

Large truck 2460

Table 1.1 Average weight of vehicles in USA

1.4 SCOP AND LIMITATIONS

1.4.1 Scope of the project

• The scope the project is starting from acknowledge, abstract,
nomenclature, introduction to screw, material selection, force
analysis, design analysis, result and diction, conclusion,
recommendation.
Collection of input data from project work:
Study of weight dimensional parameters
Study of stress deformation in lift
Study of vibration and impact resistance
Study of keeping of service life at different loading
Study of reliable operation.
 Limitations

• Screw jacks are limited in their lifting capacity. Increasing load

increases friction within the screw threads. A fine pitch thread, which
would increase the advantage of the screw, also reduces the speed of
which the jack can operate. Using a longer operating lever soon
reaches the point where the lever will simply bend at its inner end.
And also our project is limited by:
• Lifting capacity =6.5KN
• Minimum lifting height =310mm
• Maximum lifting height= 417mm
• Lifting height =107mm.
 Methodology of design

Method is a general guide line procedure which is used to solve

problems to design our project which is design of screw jack.

This project will be carried out by applying and pursing some

recommend scheme listed below.

Problem identification and evaluation

Data collection

Material selecting
C0NT…

Analytical design for each component

Geometrical analysis

Dimensional analysis

Force and pressure analysis

Computer-aided design (CAD) analysis (2D and 3D)

Part drawing and 3-D of each component by using CAD solid work

software

Drafting and documentation of the project

 MATERIAL SELECTION
Material selection is an important process in design processes

The best material is one which serves the desired objective at the
minimum cost.

The following factors should be considered while selecting the materials

1. Availability of the materials,

2. Suitability of the materials for the working conditions in service, and

3. The cost of the materials.

Engineering Materials for Components

 The suitable engineering materials used in making screw

components include;

 Cast iron,

 Steel (all types of steel),

 Copper and its alloys,

 Aluminum and its alloys.

Components and their Specific Materials Selected

The goal of material selection is to come up with an appropriate

material that best meets the design requirements.

The approach is to identify the connection between functional

requirements and the material properties so as to help us reduce
the number of candidate materials from which to select from.

The following are components and materials required in the

design of a screw jack.
 CONT…

Selection requires one to consider the following factors which give the
best material fit for the design screw jack:

a) Specific strength and mass

b) Resistance to abrasive wear.

c) Resistance to buckling

d) Availability

e) Heat transmission properties

f) Other relevant properties include; resistance to corrosion, electrical and

mechanical properties, heat transmission properties etc.
 CONT…
Steps for Selection of Materials for Components
Selection of materials in engineering design involves the following

steps (Prof. F.M. Oduori, 2016):

1) Translation of design requirements into specifications for a material.

2) Screening out those materials that do not meet the specifications in

order to leave only the viable candidates.

3) Ranking of the surviving materials to identify those that have the

greatest potential.
 CONT…
4) Using supporting information to finally arrive at the choice of material

to be used.

The first three steps involve mathematical analysis, use of various charts

and graphs of specific property such as specific strength, wear

resistance, buckling resistance and affordability.

The materials are compared, ranked as per the indices of merit and

available supporting information is used to reach the final decision

(Ashby, 2005).
 Components and their Specific Materials Selected

 The goal of material selection is to come up with an appropriate material that

best meets the design requirements.
The following are components and materials required in the design of a power
screw (screw jack):
1 Frame Size - Most of the times frame is conical in shape and hollow internally to
accommodate a nut & screw assembly.
The hollow conical shape insures a safe & complete resting of a jack on ground.
it quite possible that in case of uneven distribution load may fail down because
all legs will not touch ground.
 CONT…
The force by a load is directed by a cup to screw then is directed

by cup to screw then to threads of screw to nut then to frame so

it is always compressive in nature.

Manufacturing Process – The complex shape of frame leads us to

use a ’Casting’ process for manufacturing. For all this purpose we

need to select a cast iron as material for frame.

 We select a FG200 as material for frame such as it contains.

 CONT …
carbon precipitates as “graphite flakes” as graphite is soft in nature it
improves its ability to resist a compressive load.

Table 2.2: Mechanical Properties of Cast iron – Appendix A (Marshek, 2012)

Material properties British standards specification

Tensile strength (MPa) 220

Compressive strength (MPa) 766

Shear strength (MPa) 284

Endurance limit (MPa) 96

Young’s modulus (G Pa) 89 – 114

Modulus of rigidity (G Pa) 36 – 45

Hardness number (HB) 196

 CONT…
2. Screw size – having Helical groove around periphery of solid bar.

 It can be around 22 to 100mm diameter for square

 power screws & 24 to 100mm for trapezoidal power screws.

Thread profile – The screw or power screw thread is always a square type
because it has more efficiency than trapezoidal threads and there is no radial
thrust on screw.

Square threads usually turned on lathes using single point

 cutting tool. It leads us to use free cutting steel.

Square threads are weak in roots. Therefore steel30C8

 CONT…

3 .Nut –As we know there always a relative motion between screw and nut,
which cause a friction.

 The friction causes wear if some material is used for screw & nut it will wears
both components.

So one out of two has to be softer than other so as to ease of replacement.

 The size & shape of screw is costlier than nut.

generally we use softer material for nut than screw.

 Phosphor bronze is ideal material for nut which is a copper alloy having
0.2%phospher which increases tensile strength.

Ultimate tensile strength for this is 190 MPa and coefficient of friction is 0.13
CONT…
Advantages of phosphor bronze are,
(1) Good corrosion resistance.
(2) Low coefficient of friction
(3) Higher tensile strength than copper brass. Bronze has 0.2% phosphor to
increase tensile strength and the yield stresses may be taken as;
tension = 125MPa, compression = 150MPa, yield stress in shear = 105MPa with
safe bearing pressure of 15MPa, ultimate tensile strength is 190MPa and a
coefficient of friction of 0.1.
4 .Handle –Handle is subjected to bending moments. So plain carbon
steel with 0.3%carbon i.e. 30C8 can be selected.
Yield strength in tension is 400mpa Use of the lever gives the operator
much
greater lifting force than that available to a person who tried to lift
with only
the strength of his or her own body.
Types of levers are first, second and third order
CONT…

5 .Cup –Shape of cup is again complex and so economical to manufacture by

casting process, hence material will be cast iron with grade FG200.
6 .Set Screw_ Purpose of set screw is to resist motion of nut with screw. It can
be of commercial steel.
7. Washer _is to provide uniform force of tightening nut over screw force by
enlarging area under actions of force. We can use commercial steel.

•
3.1 ANALYSIS OF PROJECT BY GIVEN DATA

Type of jack =screw jack

Driving mechanism=Mechanical (Screw)
Capacity = 6.5KN=6500N
Minimum lifting height==310mm
Maximum lifting height ==417mm
Lifting height=107mm
3.2 Numerical analysis
In this project to design the screw jack we have to consider the
following numerical analysis. Such that;
geometrical analysis, force analysis, stress analysis.
Where ፦ =417-310=107mm...................given But in order to get
base height and cup height must be subtracted from the given
value above.
Assuming that, base height =25mm and,
Cap height =10mm

,
 3.5 DESIGN ANLYSIS

3.5.1. Designs for Screw Shaft

Material specification selected for the screw shaft is plain carbon steel to
British Standard specification BS 970 080M30, Hardened and Tempered,

whose properties are as shown in and the material yield strength is 700 MPa

both in tension and pure compression and 450 in shear.

3.5.1.2. Core Diameter

The core diameter is determined by considering the screw to be under pure
compression. That is;
𝑊=𝜎𝑐×𝐴𝑐 (1)
Where 𝜎𝑐 = Pure compression stress = 700MPa
𝐴𝑐 = Cross sectional area of the screw shaft = 𝜋/4 (𝑑𝑐) 2
𝑑𝑐= Core diameter
Whence, 𝑊=𝜎𝑐× (𝑑𝑐)2 (1a)
𝑑𝑐= (1b)
Taking factor of safety 𝑓.𝑠 = 5……………………………………..assumption
 CONT…
𝑑𝑐= (1c) 𝑑𝑐=
𝑑𝑐=0.00769𝑚=7.69𝑚𝑚
For square threads of fine series, the following dimensions of screw are
selected from Appendix D (Gupta, 2005) hence,
The core diameter 𝑑𝑐=16𝑚𝑚, 𝑑𝑜=18𝑚𝑚 and pitch 𝑝=𝑙 = 4𝑚𝑚
3.5.2. Torque required to rotate the screw
We know that torque required to rotate the screw is the same torque
required to lift the load which is given by;
𝑇1== (2)
We know that
𝑑𝑚= =18𝑚𝑚
And
tan𝛼= = =0.03745
Assuming coefficient of friction between screw and nut,
𝜇=tan𝜃=0.1
Then 𝑇1= =8.02𝑁𝑚
3.5.3. Screw Stresses

Compressive stresses due to axial load using the new core diameter is,

And the shear stress due to this torque using the new core diameter is given
by;
CONT…
3.5.4.1 Principal Stresses
Maximum principal stress is as follows:

+
=41.33Mpa
The design value of
And maximum shear stresses as follows:
= =25.17Mpa
The design value of ==84Mpa
Check: These maximum shear and compressive stresses are less than the
permissible stresses, hence the spindle or shaft is safe.
 3.6. Design for Nut

3.6.1. Height of the Nut

We find the height of the nut (h) by considering the bearing pressure 𝑃𝑏 on
the nut. The bearing pressure on the nut is given

𝑃𝑏=

Where

𝑛 = Number of threads in contact with screwed spindle Material specification

for the nut is phosphor bronze which has tensile stress = 150MPa,
compressive stress = 125MPa, shear stress = 105MPa, safe bearing pressure
not exceed 17MPa and a coefficient of friction of 0.1.
CONT
Assuming the load is uniformly distributed over the entire cross
section of the nut and substituting for the known values we get the
number of threads in contact,
17×106 = =
n=3.382
say n=4

Then height of the nut is as follows;

ℎ=𝑛×𝑝
ℎ=4×4=16𝑚𝑚
Check: For a safe nut height ℎ≤4𝑑𝑐=64𝑚𝑚 (Gupta, 2005)
CONT…
3.7. Design for Head and Cup

3.7.1. Dimensions of Diameter of Head on Top of Screw and for

the Cup 𝑫𝟑

Assuming
𝐷3=1.75 𝐷o =1.75×20=35𝑚𝑚The seat
for the cup is made equal to the diameter of the head and then
chamfered at the top. The cup prevents the load from rotating
and is fitted with pin of diameter 𝐷4= approximately (Gupta,
2005).
Therefore 𝐷4=8.75𝑚𝑚. Say D4 =9mmThe pin should remain
loose fit in the cup.
CONT…
• Take length of pin to be 9mm.
• Other dimensions for the cup are taken as:
• Diameter at the top of the cup = Diameter of the head = 52mm
• Height of cup = 9mm
• Thickness of cup = 3mm
• Fillet radii = 1mm
 3.7.2. Torque Required to Overcome Friction
We know that by assuming uniform pressure condition torque
required to overcome friction is given as follows;
𝑇2=×𝜇1𝑊]
Where
𝐷3= Diameter of head = 35mm
𝐷4= Diameter of pin = 9mm
Substituting for the known values we get;
𝑇2=×0.1×6500]

=7.98Nm
3.7.4. Total Torque Subjected to the Handle
Total torque to which the handle is subjected is given by
𝑇=𝑇1+𝑇2
𝑇=15.52+7.6752=23.195𝑁𝑚

Therefore taking the force of 96N in domestic use (J.J. Fereira, 2004)
then the length of the handle required is, 𝐿= 𝑇/96

Then 𝐿=
=0.2416𝑚=241.6𝑚𝑚

𝑆𝑎𝑦 𝐿=242𝑚𝑚

The length of the handle may be fixed by giving some allowance for
gripping 70mm.
Therefore, the length of the handle/lever is 646.30mm.
3.7.5. Diameter of Handle/Lever

The diameter of the handle/lever, may be obtained by

considering bending effects. We know that bending moment;

𝑀 =×𝜎𝑏×𝐷3
While 𝜎𝑏=𝜎𝑡=𝜎𝑐==140𝑀𝑃𝑎

and maximum bending moment on the lever/handle

𝑀=𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 × 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑓𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟
𝑀=96×0.6463=62.0448m
Then 62.0448 =×140×106×𝐷3

𝐷=16.5269, Say 𝐷 = 17𝑚𝑚

3.7.6 Height of Head
The height of head is usually taken as twice the diameter of handle.
𝐻 = 2𝐷
Therefore 𝐻 = 2×17=34 𝑚𝑚

3.7.7 Design Check against Instability/Buckling

Effective length of screw,

𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓=𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤+ 𝑜𝑓ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓=𝐻1+
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓=200+
𝐿𝑒𝑓𝑓=208𝑚𝑚
CONT…

• When the screw reaches the maximum lift, it can be regarded

as strut whose lower end is fixed and the load end is free.
Therefore, buckling or critical load for this given condition is as
follows
(Gupta, 2005);
𝑊𝑐𝑟=𝐴𝑐.[1− ()2] Where
𝜎𝑦= Yield stress = 385𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐶 = End fixity coefficient. The screw is considered to be strut
with lower end
fixed and load end free. Therefore 𝐶 = 0.25
𝑘 = The radius of gyration = = 0.25dc=0.25(0.016) = 0.004
𝐼= Moment of inertia of the cross section.
CONT…

• The buckling load as obtained by the above expression and

must be higher than the load at which
• the screw is designed. Substituting for the known values:

𝑊𝑐𝑟=(𝑑𝑐)2.𝜎𝑦 [1− ()2]

𝑊𝑐𝑟= (0.016)2×385×106[1− ()2]

𝑊cr=36583.65𝑁

While 𝑊=6500𝑁

𝑊𝑐𝑟>, hence there is chance for the screw

 3.8. Design of Body
3.8.1. Dimensions for the body of the screw

The dimension of the body may be fixed and given as in shown in the figure above
(Gupta, 2005):
1. Diameter of the Body at the Top

𝐷5=1.5𝐷2 => 𝐷5=1.5×36=54𝑚𝑚

2. Thickness of the body

𝑡2=0.25𝑑𝑜 => 𝑡2=0.25×20=5𝑚𝑚,2=5𝑚𝑚

3. inside Diameter at the Bottom

𝐷6=2.25𝐷2 => 𝐷6=2.25×36=81𝑚𝑚

4. Outer Diameter at the Bottom

𝐷7=1.75𝐷6 => 𝐷7=1.75×81=141.75𝑚𝑚

CONT….

5. Thickness of Base

𝑡3=2𝑡1

𝑡3=2×3mm=6𝑚𝑚
6. Height of the Body 𝐻𝑏
𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦=Max𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑡+𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑜𝑓𝑛𝑢𝑡+𝐸𝑥𝑡𝑟𝑎 50𝑚𝑚

𝐻𝑏 = 200+16+50=266𝑚𝑚

Finally, the body is tapered in order to achieve stability of the

jack.
3.9. Efficiency of the Screw Jack

Efficiency of screw jack is given as follows:

𝜂= =

𝜂=

But 𝑇𝑜=𝑊tan𝛼 ×
𝑇𝑜=6500×0.03745×0.009
𝑇𝑜=2.1908𝑁𝑚

And 𝑇=23.195𝑁𝑚
 CONCULUSIONS

• Screw jack is the ideal product of push, pull, lower and position loads
any thinly from a couple of kilogram to hundreds of tones. This
project will reduce the weight of screw is concerned based on
company limitations of load application. This designed screw jack has
been operated under manual operation type which means by
rotating the handle which is assembled by on the fixed nut and it is
designed to lift a maximum lifted height 107mm and to carry a load
of 6.5KN. The stress of each component of screw jack is within its
permissible range and the shearing tools should be heat treated to
have high strength