Abstract

The key drivers for new engine technology namely Changing Customer Expectations. New Environmental Regulations on Emissions & Noise. Increasing Fuel Costs New Emerging Markets & Segments. Increasing Competition

Significant changes have been brought in fuel system

ignition system
designs of crankshafts valves, pistons etc

Injection systems

 Any mechanism or method which changes lift and

time of valve With Variable Valve Timing, power and torque can be optimized across a wider rpm band Better sync. With the pressure pulses within intake and exhaust manifold Reduces piston work, increased EGR Powerful at top end delivery Reduces NOX

 This mechanism works like this :

Stage 1 (low speed) The 3 pieces of rocker arms move independently. Therefore the left rocker arm, which actuates the left inlet valve, is driven by the low-lift left cam. The right rocker arm, which actuates the right inlet valve, is driven by the medium-lift right cam. Both cams' timing are relatively slow compare with the middle cam, which actuates no valve now. Stage 2 (medium speed)

Hydraulic pressure locks the left and right rocker arms together, leaving the middle rocker arm and cam to run on their own. Since the right cam is larger than the left cam, those connected rocker arms are actually driven by the right cam. As a result, both inlet valves obtain slow timing and medium lift.
Stage 3 (high speed) Hydraulic pressure locks all 3 rocker arms together. Since the middle cam is the largest, both inlet valves are actually driven by that fast cam. Therefore, fast timing and high lift are obtained in both valves.

 Some technologies in the market based on variable valve

timing(Cam-changing + Cam-phasing VVT) Toyota VVTL-I Porsche Variocam Plus Honda i-VTEC Audi Valvelift

Honda i-VTEC
The camshaft is purely VTEC - with different cam

lobes for implementing variable lift and timing. On the other hand, the camshaft can be phase-shifted by a hydraulic actuator at the end of the camshaft, so valve timing can be varied continuously according to need. VTEC vary valve lift by switching between slow and fast cams at a threshold point.

Valvetronic Continuous Variable Valve Lift (CVVL)

 world's first engine without a throttle butterfly

it regulates engine output by varying the depth of inlet

valve lift throttle butterfly can be disabled thus reduces pumping loss When the driver calls for more power, the electric motor turns the eccentric shaft, which pushes the intermediate rocker arms and in turn pushes the valve to open deeper Reduce fuel consumption does not benefit top end power

Variable Compression - SVC

slidable cylinder head and cylinder unit
Cylinder head pivoted at the crankcase and its slope

can be adjusted slightly (up to 4 degrees) in relation to the engine block, pistons, crankcase etc. by means of a hydraulic actuator, Therefore the volume of the combustion chambers can be varied slightly. When the piston is at top dead center, a small change of volume can lead to big change of compression ratio, ranging from 8:1 to 14:1.

Why?
Turbocharging an engine we need to lower the

compression ratio to avoid overheating and overstressing the cylinder head, otherwise it may cause knocking or even damages. When the engine runs off-boost, we get a very weak output due to that lower compression. So we need to vary the compression, using a high ratio before the turbo gets into operation and a lower ratio under boost, we will get a perfect turbocharged engine.

Lean burn engines

Engines which can operate in very lean air / fuel

mixture Reasons prevent conventional engines from operating in lean air / fuel mixture:

. If the mixture is too lean, the engine will fail to

combust. Naturally, lower fuel concentration leads to less output.

 adopting a highly efficient mixing process They use special shape pistons, with intake manifolds

located and angled matching the pistons, the intake air will generate swirl inside the combustion chamber. Swirl leads to more complete mixing of fuel and air, thus largely reduce the badly-mixed fuel particles, which will not be burnt in conventional engines Works at higher compression ratio Efficient full use Low exhaust hydrocarbon the fuel / air ratio to be lowered from 1 : 14 to 1 : 25 without altering output

Weight,friction,inertia reduction
. . . . . Aluminum head and block Plastic or Magnesium intake manifolds Aluminum pistons and cylinder liner Titanium connecting rods Forged components

NEW TEFLON PADS PISTONS:Cavitation corrosion

 Teflon padded pistons will eliminate cylinder liner water

jacket Cavitation corrosion and increase cylinder liner life and hence engine life.

Teflon pad

In the last 30 years a trend to high pressure fuel injection systems with an increase of maximum injection pressure from 800 up to 2000 bar is visible. In future very flexible high pressure fuel injection systems are necessary with multiple injection and rate shaping capabilities and a maximum injection pressure beyond 2000 bar.

Initially we used to have indirect injection system. But there were many difficulties in starting those engines consisting of indirect systems mainly in winters, we had to provide heat through other mechanisms to start the engine.

So today we use direct injection system. Fuel is directly injected into the combustion chamber.thus easy mechanism.

Direct injection system

The combustion starts in small pre chambers and there the rate of initial combustion is slow.there fore it reduces the noise.

Indirect injection system

Modern gasoline injection systems use E.F.I. (electronic fuel injection systems)

A solenoid is activated when fuel is delivered to the

engine, plunger is pulled toward the solenoid by magnetic force. Valve opening & allowing fuel to flow into the atomiser and out the spray tip. A valve spring attached to the plunger returns the plunger to its original position when the solenoid is switched off.

 Injects fuel into the intake ports just upstream of each

also uses Multi point fuel injection system (M.P.F.I.)

cylinder's intake valve, rather than at a central point within an intake manifold.

Coolingtemp. I.C. engines of of Maintains

parts of engine &avoids damages 2 types of cooling- air and water Direct cooling(water jackets around cylinder components)

-Thermosyphon system -Thermostat-automatic cooling of radiator (if temp>50 degrees ,cooling begins) -Cooling fins (in bikes, scooters etc.) -EICHER TRACTOR(air cooling by air cooler)

thermostat

Thermosypho n

IGNITION SYSTEM
2 types of ignition systems- battery and magneto
Todays automobiles mainly use battery ignition

system Good spark is available in case of battery ignition systems Difficult to start when battery is discharged Maintenance problems occur more in battery ignition system.

Recent advances in alternative resources and engines based on alternative fuels

We are 7 billion now- fight over.whos the 7th billion baby

BIOFUELS

ALCOHOL FUELS

AMMONI A

HYDROGEN

HCNG

NITROGE N

WITH ADDITION TO THESEwell see some hybrid engines and cars and technologies developed in recent past

Biofuels

What are biofuels?

[energy derived from biological C fixation] Ancient biofuels? Our biofuels? Making of biofuels-ethanol, bio-diesels etc. (corn burning, sugarcane, veggie oils etc.)

Thinking process-positive and negative aspects

Totally environment friendly technique
A great solution to our problems But well, not at all simple

Takes a lot of energy to be produced

Future-relying on cellulose

Biofuels in AVIATION industry

Commercial aviation is considered a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions

KLM Royal Dutch Airlines KLM bio fuel powered passenger jet

A blend of 50% normal jet fuel and 50% biokerosene produced from oil from camelina, an inedible plant that grows in conditions where other food crops cannot.

Camelina sativa (camelina)

A "CFM567B" biofuelpowered engine, produced by CFM (Snecma & General Electric)

biofuels were approved for commercial use in July of 2011 Since then, multiple airlines have begun the use of biofuels on commercial flights

Thomson Airways introduces bio-fuelled holiday flights

A very beautiful note- SAFUG

[Sustainable aviation fuel users group] Formed in sept 2008 Development of sustainable aviation biofuels To exhibit min. impact on biodiversity Respect this earthout mother land Do not displace or compete with food crops Provide a +ve socio economic impact

Ferrari 430 spider bio fuel concept

The roadster runs on the familiar mix of 85% natural ethanol and 15% gasoline, which reports suggest yield a modest 2% increase in power. Thats enough to bring the 4.3-liter V8s output up to 500 from the standard 490 with torque rising 4% and fuel economy improving by 5%.

Ford developing biofuels from algae

Vast fields to make biofuels

Typical Brazilian fuel station with a choice of four fuels available: diesel (B3), gasoline (E25), neat hydrous ethanol (E100), and natural gas (CNG). Piracicaba, So Paulo, Brazil

U.S. biodiesel (B20) pump near Pentagon City, Arlington, Virginia

Another milestone The algae filled HUMMER

Bus running on soybean biodiesel

Another recent advancementBiodiesel conversion kit

A biodiesel conversion kit reduces the gas expenses for most vehicle owners. This is known as one of the ways in which one could save money. This way can be very useful to those who are looking for easy but efficient methods. Existing diesel and petrol engines can be converted to bio-fuel engines

Hydrogen in I.C. Engines

Francois Issac de Rivaz-designed 1st hydrogen fueled I.C.

eng. In 1807 1970- modification to allow a petrol engine to run on hydrogen Mazda- wankel engines burning hydrogen Recently BMW tested a supercar, fueled by a hydrogen ICE, which achieved 187 mph (301 km/h) in tests

BMWs hydrogen engine

Differences between traditional eng. And a hydrogen fueled one

hardened valves and valve seats
stronger connecting rods higher voltage ignition coil

stronger head gasket material

modified (for supercharger) intake manifold positive pressure supercharger and a high temperature engine oil

Hydrogen filler for BMW

The power output of a direct injected hydrogen engine vehicle is 20% more than for a gasoline engine vehicle and 42% more than a hydrogen engine vehicle using a carburettor

Honda FCX Clarity, a hydrogen fuel cell demonstration vehicle introduced in 2008

Sequel, a fuel cell-powered vehicle from General Motors

Ford Edge hydrogen-electric plug-in hybrid concept

Where the problem occurs with hydrogen?

Storage Engine design-must be quite robust and hulk like Transportation Safety

Liquid hydrogen and oxygen cryogenic rocket engine "Vulcain n2" (Snecma Safran group)

A closer view of the rocket engine "Vulcain n2"

Conclusion-what do we need??
We are always trying to minimize these losses. This has always been our GOAL.

Our targets for any engine

Fuel efficient
Environment friendly Good power to weight ratio-a reasonable output

Should have capabilities to perform in the worst

scenarios. Should fall in required budget Is prepared keeping the future needs in mind.

German chancellor Angela Merkel after the Fukushima disaster instructed to close down all those reactors working near the coastline of the country and signaled to close all nuclear reactors from the country by 2020. - complete switch over to the renewable energy sources

Indian government even after a lot of protest and anguish shown by the local people, has carried on the construction work on a nuclear plant in Kerala which is just 25 kms. From the Arabian sea.

Here we stand..huh

Thank you for your patience

Rohit upadhyay Abhishek agarwal Deepak kumar rai