IMUNITAS ADAPTIF

NUR MAHMUDAH
 OUTLINE

• IMUNITAS
• SISTEM LIMFATIKA
• ANTIGEN
• IMUNITAS ALAMIAH VS ADAPTIF
• IMUNITAS ADAPTIF
 IMUNITAS

• Immunity : kemampuan untuk menangkal

kerusakan atau penyakit .
• Imunitas :
(1) innate = alamiah = nonspecific
(2) adaptive = acquired = specific
- cell mediated immunity
- antibody mediated immunity
• Small lymphocytes are unique among
blood cells in traveling through the body
in the lymph as well as the blood. That is
why they were named lymphocytes.
• Lymphocytes leave the blood through
the walls of fine capillaries in secondary
lymphoid organs.
• A lymph node is illustrated here. After
spending some time in the lymph node,
lymphocytes leave in the efferent lymph
and return to the blood at the left
subclavian vein. If a lymphocyte in a
lymph node encounters a pathogen to
which its cell-surface receptor binds, it
stops recirculating.
• Jumlah limfosit dalam tubuh
manusia sekitar 2 x 10¹²
 ANTIGEN
• Self and nonself substances that elicit an immune response and react
with products of that response.
• Non-self dapat berupa mikroorganisme atau parasit yang masuk
kedalam tubuh host (manusia).
• Most large molecules, including virtually all proteins and many
polysaccharides, can act as antigens.
• Antigenic determinants (or epitopes)= the parts of an antigen that
bind to the antigen-binding site on either an antibody molecule or a
lymphocyte receptor.
• Most antigens have a variety of antigenic determinants that can
stimulate the production of antibodies, specific T cell responses, or
both.
• Hapten: small organic molecules, not antigenic but may become
antigenic when bound to larger carrier molecule,–e.g., penicillin,–
may elicit hapten specific and carrier specific responses
 ANTIBODY
• Antibodi dihasilkan oleh sel plasma
(sel B yang telah berdeferensiasi).
• Polyclonal antibody= production of
hundreds species of antibodies,
each made by a different B cell
clone.
• Oligoclonal antibody= a few clones
of B cells production.
• Monoclonal antibody= only a single
B cell production.
• Monoclonal antibodies are widely
used as tools in biology and
medicine, but they have to be
produced in a special way.
 Innate vs adaptive immunity

Adaptive immune responses generally give rise

to long-lived immunological memory and
protective immunity.
 Professional
Antigen
Presenting
Cells
• Dendritic cells are the most
important APC, with a
central role in the initiation
of adaptive immune
responses
• Macrophages are
specialized to internalize
extracellular pathogens,
especially after they have
been coated with antibody,
and to present their
antigens.
• B cells have antigen-specific
receptors that enable them
to internalize large amounts
of specific antigen, process Photographs courtesy of R.M. Steinman (a); N. Rooney (b, c,
it, and present it. e, f); S. Knight (d, g); P.F. Heap (h, i).
• DC are found at
Cortex (T cell area)
• Makrofag:
throughout but
mainly the marginal
sinus and medullary
cords
• B cells mainly in the
follicle
• Collection of genes that code for self/nonself
recognition potential of a vertebrate
• In humans, called human leukocyte antigen
(HLA) complex
–on chromosome 6
–three classes of MHC molecules
–one paternal allele and one maternal allele
 Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
• Located in the membrane of body cells
(except red blood cells).
• “selfantigens,” = major histocompatibility
complex (MHC) antigens = human
leukocyte antigens (HLA).
• Function: help T cells recognize that an
antigen is foreign, not self.
• MHC antigens are the reason that tissues
may be rejected when they are
transplanted from one person to another, • MHC molecules are membrane
their normal proteins whose outer extracellular
• The two types of MHC antigens: domains form a cleft in which a peptide
1. Class I MHC molecules are built into the fragment is bound.
plasma membranes of all body cells • These fragments, which are derived
except red blood cells.
from proteins degraded inside the cell,
2. Class II MHC molecules appear on the
including foreign protein antigens, are
surface of antigen-presenting cells
(dendritic cells, macrophages, and B
bound by the newly synthesized MHC
cells). molecule before it reaches the surface.
APCs present exogenous antigens in
association with MHC-II molecules
 Infected body cells present endogenous
antigens in association with MHC-I molecules
Cluster of Differentiation Molecules (CDs)

• Membrane proteins on lymphocytes and

other cells
• have specific roles in intercellular
communication
• used to identify and differentiate between
leukocyte subpopulations
• e.g., CD4 is the cell surface receptor for HIV
 KARAKTERISTIK
• = defenses that involve
specific recognition of a
microbe once it has breached
the innate immunity
defenses.
• slow to respon
• involves lymphocytes (a type
of white blood cell) called T
(cell-mediated immunity) and
B (antibody-mediated
immunity) lymphocytes.
 FUNCTIONS
• recognize nonself
• respond to nonself
• remember nonself
 MACAM
• Cell-mediated immunity is
particularly effective against :
1. intracellular pathogens, which
include any viruses, bacteria,
or fungi that are inside cells;
2. some cancer cells;
3. foreign tissue transplants.
• cells attacking cells.
• Antibody-mediated
immunity= humoral (fluid)
immunity, works mainly
against extracellular
pathogens, which include any
viruses, bacteria, or fungi
that are in body fluids
outside cells (blood or
lymph).
• Developing B cells= immature B cells
• Developing T cells= thymocytes
• T cells and B cells are activated by foreign antigens mainly in peripheral
 LYMPHOCYTES
• Three stages of lymphocytes maturation in
the peripheral lymphoid organs: naïve cells,
effector cells, and memory cells.
• Resting T and B cells look very similar (small, only marginally bigger than red blood
cells, and contain little cytoplasm ), even in an electron microscope.
• After activation by an antigen, both proliferate and mature into effector cells.
• Effector B cells secrete antibodies. In their most mature form, called plasma cells,
they are filled with an extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum that is busily making
antibodies.
• In contrast, effector T cells contain very little endoplasmic reticulum and secrete a
variety of signal proteins called cytokines, which act as local mediators.
 T CELLS
• T cells can migrate to distant sites, but, once there, they act only locally on
neighboring cells.
• Three main classes of T cells:
1. cytotoxic T cells, directly kill infected host cells.
2. helper T cells, help activate macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells, and
cytotoxic T cells by secreting a variety of cytokines and displaying a
variety of co-stimulatory proteins on their surface.
3. regulatory (suppressor) T cells, are thought to use similar strategies to
inhibit the function of helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and dendritic cells.
 B CELLS
• B cells can act over long distances by secreting
antibodies that are widely distributed by the
bloodstream.
• B cells can make more than 10¹² different
antibody molecules that react specifically with
the antigen that induced their production.
 THE CLONAL SELECTION THEORY
• An antigen activates only those
lymphocytes that are already
committed to respond to it.
• A cell committed to respond to a
particular antigen displays cell-
surface receptors that specifically
recognize the antigen.
• The human immune system is
thought to consist of many millions
of different lymphocyte clones, with
cells within a clone expressing the
same unique receptor.
• Before their first encounter with
antigen, a clone would usually
contain only one or a small number
of cells.

• A particular antigen may activate hundreds of different clones.

• Although only B cells are shown here, T cells operate in a similar way.
• Note that the receptors on B cells are antibody molecules and that those on the B cells
labeled “Bb” in this diagram bind the same antigen as do the antibodies secreted by the
effector “Bb” cells.
ANTIBODY
• Antibody belong to a group of
glycoproteins globulins, so called
immunoglobulins (Igs).
• Antibody Actions:
1. Neutralizing antigen.
2. Immobilizing bacteria.
3. Agglutinating and precipitating
antigen cross-link pathogens to
one another, causing agglutination
(clumping together) and form a
more-easily phagocytized.
4. Activating complement. Antigen–
antibody complexes initiate the
classical pathway of the
complement system (discussed
shortly).
5. Enhancing phagocytosis acts as
a flag that attracts phagocytes.
 Antibodies can
participate in host
defense in three
main ways
ANTIBODY
 Comparison of primary and
secondary immune
responses
The levels of antibodies against pathogen
A are shown in blue, B in yellow.

• The immune response develops during an experimental immunization of a laboratory animal.

• The response is measured in terms of the amount of pathogen-specific antibody present in
the animal’s blood serum, shown on the vertical axis, with time being shown on the
horizontal axis.
• On the first day the animal is immunized with a vaccine against pathogen A.
• The primary response reaches its maximum level 2 weeks after immunization.
• After the primary response has subsided, a second immunization with vaccine A on day 60
produces an immediate secondary response, which in 5 days is orders of magnitude greater
than the primary response.
• In contrast, a vaccine against pathogen B, which was also given on day 60, produces a typical
primary response to pathogen B, demonstrating the specificity of the secondary response to
vaccine A.
Successful vaccination campaigns
• Diphtheria, and
poliomyelitis have
been virtually
eliminated from the
USA, as shown by
these three graphs.
 Cytokines
• small protein hormones that
stimulate or inhibit many normal
cell functions, such as proliferation
of progenitor blood cells in red
bone marrow, cell growth,
differentiation, and regulate
activities of cells involved in innate
or adaptive immune responses.
• Lymphocytes and APC secrete cytokines TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 have a wide
cytokines, as do fibroblasts, spectrum of biological activities that help to
endothelial cells, monocytes, coordinate the body's responses to infection.
hepatocytes, and kidney cells.