The immune system in animals

• Living organisms provide ideal habitats in which other organisms can grow

• Animals are subject to infection by viruses, bacteria, and fungi

편도선
• Animals are able to develop an immunity against invading pathogens (recognize and de-

stroy) 흉선
비장
• Immunity results from the combined activities of many different cells (bone marrow, thy-

mus, spleen, and lymph nodes)

• Pathogens are continually evolving counter-mechanisms to avoid immune destruction

• All multicellular organisms have immune systems

• Three observations
1. Wounds usually heal, even if they become infected

2. Most people who contact a bacterial or viral illness eventually recover, even without help

from medications

3. People who acquire bacterial or viral infections and recover are frequently safe to that dis-

ease in the future

Edward Jenner’s experiment (1796)
Two general categories of immune responses: innate and adaptive (acquired)

How does the body keep

pathogens out?
 Innate immune response

• However, some pathogens (flu virus) have an enzyme on

their surface that disrupt the mucous lining

• When pathogens enter your body, the cells

(leukocytes( 백혈구 ): mast cell, neutrophils, and

macrophages) implement the innate immune response

• The inflammatory response

 The adaptive immune response

• The adaptive immune response is based on interactions between specific immune system cells

and specific pieces of antigens

• In the early 1920s, scientists injected compounds that do not exist in nature into rabbit

• The rabbits were able to initiate an immune response to compounds (antigens) by producing an-

tibodies

• The immune system can produce an almost limitless array of antibodies

 Lymphocytes ( 림프구 ) and the immune system

• The cells that carry out the adaptive immune responses are

called lymphocytes

• These cells are created, activated, and transported in distinct

components of the immune system

 Lymphocytes exist in two states

• Normally in a resting, or inactivate state as they cir-

culate through the bloodstream and lymphatic sys-

tem

• Inactive state: Large nucleus, little cytoplasm, and

few mitochondria

• Activated state: a large population of mitochondria

and a massive amount of rough ER

The discovery of B cells and T cells

• B cells produce antibodies

• T cells are involved in an array of functions, including recognizing and

killing

• In humans and other species that lack a bursa, B cells mature in bone

marrow
 Epitope

• Antibodies, BCRs and TCRs do not bind to the

entire antigen but to a selected region of the

antigen called an epitope

• Each antigen may have many different epi-

topes
 How does the immune system distinguish self from non self?

• If a B cell receptor or T cell receptor responded to a self molecule, the immune response would be

triggered

• Immune system cells would turn on the host and begin destroying parts of its own body

• If B cell and T cells that are maturing in the bone marrow and thymus have anti-self receptors, the

cells are destroyed before they leave these organs.

• It appears that about 90% of all immature B cells and T cells are destroyed before they mature
Specific (Acquired) immune response

Principal actors
 CD4 T cell activation

1. Pathogens enter the body

2. Dendritic cells ( 수지상세포 ) eat them via phagocytosis

3. Process antigens and present them

4. Each CD4 T cell bears a single type of receptor on their surface membrane

5. Binding of antigen to the receptor activates the lymphocyte causing a proliferation of

clone daughter cells

6. The daughter cells will bear receptors of identical specificity as the parental cell and

will differentiate into effector (Helper T-cell) and memory cells

 B cell activation

1. B cells encounter a pathogen floating free in lymph or blood

2. Recognize the antigen, internalize, process, and present it

3. Process antigens and present them

4. A helper T cell recognizes the presented antigen, secrete (Interleukin 4 and cytokines),

and then activates the B cell

5. The B cell begins to proliferate into plasma cells and memory cells

6. Plasma cells produce antibodies (the secreted and soluble version of the B cell recep-

tor)
 CD8 T cell activation
1. When a cell is infected by a virus, presents pieces of virus antigens on its surface in as-

sociated with MHC molecules

2. A CD8 T cell recognizes the antigen and begin to proliferate into cytotoxic T cells and

memory cells
 Humoral response ( 체액성반응 )

Pathogens bound by antibodies are more

Neutralization Agglutination efficiently engulfed by phagocytes
 Cell-mediated response ( 세포성반응 )
Cytotoxic T cells bind to the antigen
and release perforin and granzymes Self-destruction