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Selected topics

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 3.1 Resources

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 Natural and human resources
Natural resources Human resources
• Soil • Human resources are
• Climate needed to develop a
• Rivers and fresh water country’s natural resources.
• We look at the population
• Forests and wildlife
and its characteristics:
• Marine resources – Population size
• Mineral resources, such as: – Population growth and
– Oil and natural gas change
– Bauxite – Health and education
– Gold and diamonds – Values and attitudes

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 3.2 Population

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 World population
• The English-speaking
Caribbean had close to
7 million people in
2011.
• The world had 7 billion
people, one thousand
times as many.

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 Population groups
We can look at groups
within the population:
• by age
• by gender
• by occupation
• by ethnicity
• by religion
… and in many other Ethnic groups in Jamaica and Trinidad and
Tobago

ways.

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 3.3 The census

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 The population census
• Countries complete a census every ten years.
• Enumerators collect information on every
individual and household.
• Data is entered on a computer system.
• A census report gives information about the
country and each local district.
• Information about individuals is not published.
• Census information helps plan provision of
schools, housing and other facilities.

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 3.4 Population density

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 Population distribution and density
• Population distribution describes where people
live.
• Population density is the number of people per
square kilometre.
• Population density is low in mountainous,
forested or very dry areas, and in wetlands.
• Population density is usually high where jobs
are available, and in areas where it is pleasant
to live.
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 3.5 Population growth

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 Population change
The population of the world Calculating growth rates
is increasing. + Birth rate
In any country, the rate of - Death rate
population change
depends on birth rate, = Natural increase
death rate, natural
increase and migration. + Natural increase
With a high birth rate and + Immigration
inward migration, the
population increases
- Emigration
rapidly. = Population change
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 3.6 Birth and death rates

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 Birth and death rates
• In most countries, birth • Life expectancy in many
rates have decreased. countries has increased
• Most women have to 70 or more.
smaller families than in • Improved sanitation
the past. and living conditions
• When the fertility rate have reduced infant
for each woman is 2.0, mortality.
the population remains
approximately stable.

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 3.7 The population pyramid

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 Trinidad & Tobago Population pyramids
1950: young and growing
population

2010: stable population with

fewer children

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 The demographic transition

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 3.8 Population problems

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 Population problems
With a high and rising population With a low or falling population
• Unemployment • Few roads or other
• Shortage of school places transport facilities
• Shortage of housing • Expensive to transport
• crops to a distant market
Inadequate water supply
• Difficult to provide schools,
• Farms subdivided until they
clinics and electricity for a
are too small to support a
scattered population
family
• Few businesses or
• Too many young people
employment opportunities
migrate to the cities

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 3.9 Migration

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 Migration: push and pull factors
Push factors Pull factors
• Unemployment • Job opportunities
• Low wages • Higher earnings
• No education opportunities • Good schools, universities
• Restricted society • Social opportunities,
• Crime and conflict entertainment, sport
• Natural disasters and • Peaceful surroundings
pollution • Safe, clean environment

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 3.10 Internal migration

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 Internal migration within a country
• Twentieth century: migration to the capital
city in search of jobs and opportunities.
• Return flow: migration back to rural areas, for
example on retirement.
• Today: migration to suburban areas with land
for new residential development.
• Many Caribbean cities are now losing
population.
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 Urbanisation
• Urbanisation is an
increase in the
proportion of the
population living in
towns and cities.
• In many countries, cities
are still growing rapidly
because of migration
and urbanisation.

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 3.11 Caribbean migration

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 Caribbean migration
• Migrants leave countries with low wages or
high unemployment.
• Migrants move to countries with
opportunities for work or study.
• Some migrants move for family or other
reasons, not mainly for works.
• The Caribbean Single Market allows many
people to move freely within the region.

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 3.12 International migration

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 International migration
• Caribbean people have migrated to North
America, Europe and elsewhere.
• Many migrants seek work or educational
opportunities. Some move for family reasons.
• Cities such as New York and Toronto have
strong communities of Caribbean origin.
• There is migration into the Caribbean from
North America, Europe, China and elsewhere.

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 What are the consequences…
• For the migrant?
• For the country of
origin?
• For the destination
country?

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 For the migrant …
Positive consequences Negative consequences
• Work opportunities • May be hard to find work
• Higher salaries • Difficult to find housing
• Educational opportunities • Higher living costs
• Social and cultural • Distractions from study
opportunities • Unfamiliar culture
• Reunited with family • Less contact with home and
members already overseas family
• Danger of racism
• Colder climate

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 For the country of origin …
Positive consequences Negative consequences
• Money sent as remittances. • “Brain drain”. Well-
For some Caribbean educated and energetic
countries, this is the main people leave the country.
source of foreign exchange. • Children and elderly people
• Migrants may return with may be left behind, and lose
new skills and contact with their relatives.
qualifications.
• Migrants may return with
savings to invest.

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 For the destination country …
Positive consequences Negative consequences
• Workers are available, • There may be a housing
many of them with useful shortage.
skills. • Some people dislike social
• New workers and change and new cultures.
customers help businesses
prosper.
• New cultural input from
migrants enriches the way
of life and adds variety.

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 3.13 Human resources

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 Developing human resources
People are more Organizations and groups
productive if they are: that can develop human
•healthy resources:
•well educated •the family
•creative •the school
•honest •the government
•good at working together •businesses
in a group •community groups

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 3.15 Education and human
resources

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 Education and human resources
• Education can develop people’s full potential.
• Education, training, and retraining continue
throughout a career.

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 3.16 Sports, culture and human
resources

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 Sports, culture, human resources
• Sports and culture allow
people to develop their
potential and
contribute to regional
development.
• Many organizations
assist the development
of sports and culture.

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 3.17 Jobs and careers

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 Jobs and careers
• Income to pay for needs and wants may come
from employment, a business, or another
source.
• A job may meet immediate needs, or form
part of a long-term career plan.
• A career plan should consider your needs,
interests, abilities and ambitions.

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 3.18 Looking for work

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 Looking for work
• Collect information from family, friends,
school and other sources.
• Develop a long-term career plan.
• Decide which work or educational
opportunities are most suitable for you.
• Prepare your written application carefully.
• Prepare well if called for an interview.

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 3.19 Rights and responsibilities

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 Rights and responsibilities at work
Rights Responsibilities
• To receive payment in full • To carry out agreed duties
and on time (minus tax and to best standard possible
statutory deductions) • To follow health and safety
• To work in a safe and procedures
healthy environment • To treat fellow employees
• To be treated fairly, with no fairly, with no
discrimination discrimination
• To receive sick pay, holidays • To work agreed hours
and other entitlements

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 3.20 Employee or
entrepreneur?

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 Employee or entrepreneur?
Employee Entrepreneur
• No funds needed to begin • Funds needed for
• Earnings from start equipment, goods and rent
• Overtime, vacation, sick pay • Long working hours
• Workers may earn • Must meet customer and
promotion supplier expectations
• Retirement pension • Substantial profit if business
• Set rules for dress code and succeeds
behaviour • Owner can meet creative
• Usually no share in profits objectives

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 3.21 Employment and
unemployment

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 Causes of unemployment
• Cyclical unemployment: • Lack of capital for
when the economy is investment.
depressed. • Lack of skills.
• Cuts in government • Seasonal
spending, e.g. on health unemployment.
or construction. • Frictional
• Loss of export markets. unemployment: when
• Technology and people change jobs.
mechanization.

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 3.24 Reducing unemployment

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 Reducing unemployment
• Government spending • Encouraging small
on social services or business and
construction projects. agriculture.
• Short-term job creation
schemes. • Encouraging large-scale
• Training and education investments by
schemes. businesses.

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 3.25 Natural resources

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 Natural resources
Renewable resources Non-renewable resources
• Climate • Oil
• Soil • Natural gas
• Rivers and fresh water • Bauxite
• Natural vegetation • Gold
• Marine life • Diamonds
• Limestone

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 Industries and resources
Primary industry: Agriculture, mining,
Makes direct use of fishing.
natural resources to
produce raw materials.
Secondary industry: Manufacturing sugar,
Processes or assembles steel, clothing, cars.
goods. Construction.

Tertiary industry: Tourism, health care,

Provides a service. education, retailing.
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 3.26 Resources and
development

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 Resources and development
• Standard of living • Renewable resources
measures goods and must be used and
services consumed. protected.
• Quality of life includes • Non-renewable
health, education, resources must be used
culture, environment.
carefully.
• Sustainable development
• Environmental damage
can be maintained for
many years without can threaten human
damaging the society and well-being.
environment.
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 3.27 Pollution and climate
change

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 Pollution
• Air pollution: Dust; ozone smog from vehicle
exhausts; excess carbon dioxide.
• Water pollution: Sewage; industrial waste;
mercury from gold mining; dissolved carbon
dioxide, which increases the acidity of sea
water.
• Land pollution: Lead; hazardous chemicals;
asbestos; seepage from landfill sites.
• Noise pollution: Airports; roads; loud music.
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 Controlling pollution
• Reduce, re-use and recycle.
• Governments can educate; make and enforce
rules; provide recycling facilities; build sewage
treatment plants.
• Businesses can respect rules; reduce waste in
manufacturing; dispose of materials safely.
• Individuals and households can respect rules;
compost organic waste; re-use; recycle; reduce
travel.
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 CO2 and climate change
Increased CO2 in the atmosphere is expected to
alter the Earth’s climate.
CO2 in the earth’s atmosphere, 1957 to 2012

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