Lesson 21:

Understanding Sexual
Harassment
 Definitions of Terms

• Sexual Harassment- it is an act or series of acts

involving any unwelcome sexual advance, request, or
demand for a sexual favor, or other verbal or physical
behavior of asexual mature, committed by a
government employee or official in a work-related
training, or education related environment.
 Sexual Harassment
• Harassment and sexual harassment are recognized as a
form of discrimination on the grounds of the sex and,
thus, are contrary to the principle of equal treatment
between the men and women (Numhuser-Henning and
Laulom 2012)
 THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE OF
SEXUAL HARASSMENT
• Sexual harassment cannot be understood from the
perspective of a single theory, but it is always
combination of different predictions.
1. Natural/Biological Theory
According to this model, men have stronger sex drives, and therefore,
biologically motivated to engage in sexual pursuit of women.

2. Sex Role Spillover Theory

This theory is based on the proposition of irrelevant gender-based
role expectations that individual bring to the workplace in guiding their
interaction with women.
3. Organizational Theory
This theory proposes that sexual harassment results from the
opportunities power by authority relations which derive from
hierarchical structures of organizations (Gruber 1992).
4. Socio-cultural Theory
Socio-cultural theories examine the wider social political context in
which sexual harassment is created or occur.
5. Feminist Theory
Thus, sexual harassment exists because of the views on women as the
inferior sex, but also sexual harassment serves to maintain the already
existing gender stratifiction sex role expectations (Gutek 1985).
Relevance of Sexual Harassment Theories

• An interpretation of these theoretical perspective reveals that

both biologically as well as socio-culturally, men happen to
have always occupied a dominant position over women in
societies, of which the workplace are only a part.
• Therefore, the vulnerability of women as a weaker sex has
traveled towards workplaces and academic, where it is
considered natural and normal for men to be responding
sexually towards women as colleagues, subordinates, and
superiors.
 Philippine Law on Sexual Harassment
• Republic Act No. 7877, or the Anti-Sexual Harassment Act of 1995
(RA 7877), is the governing law for work, education, or training-
related sexual harassment.
• Specifically, in a work-related or employment environment,
sexual harassment is committed when:

1. The sexual favor is made as a condition in the hiring or in the

employment, re-employment or continued employment or said
individual, or in granting said individual favorable compensation,
terms of conditions, promotions, or privileges; or the refusal to
grant the sexual favor results in limiting, segregating or
classifying the employee which in any way would discriminate,
deprive, or diminish employment opportunities or otherwise,
adversely affect said employment.
2. The above acts would impair the employee’s right or privileges under
existing labor laws; or
3. The above acts would result in an intimidating hostile, or offensive
environment for the employee.
• On the hand, in an education or training environment, sexual
harassment is committed:

1. Against one who is under the care, custody, or supervision of the

offenders;
2. Against one whose education, training, apprenticeship, or tutorship is entrusted
to the offender;
3. When the sexual favor is made condition to the giving of a passing grade,
granting of honors and scholarship, or the payment of stipend, allowance or other
benefits, privileges, or consideration; or
4. When the sexual advances results in an intimidating hostile, or offensive
environment for the student, trainee, or apprentice.
Sexual Harassment in the Civil Service

Sexual Harassment in the Civil Service is

punishable by Civil Service Commission No. 01-0940,
also known as Administrative Disciplinary Rules on
Sexual Harassment Cases.
 Here, sexual harassment can be committed at the following
places:
1. In the premises of the workplace or office or of the school or training
institutions.
2. In any places where the parties found, as a result of work or
education or training responsible or relations;
3. At work, education, or training-related social functions;
4. While on official business outside the office or school or training
institutions or during work, school, or training-related travel;
5. At official conferences, for a, symposia, or training sessions; or
6. By telephone, cellular phone, fax machine, or electronic mail.
 Lesson 22:
WOMEN’S ISSUES
IN
DEVELOPMENT
• Definition of Terms:
• Development- the process in which someone or something grows or changes and
becomes more advanced.
• Women and Development- approach of development projects that emerged in the
1960s calling for treatment of women’s issues in development projects.
• Women and Development- approach comes from the perspective that equality will
be essential to improving women’s positions, but still frames change in terms of
providing women access to the productive sector.
• Gender and Development- was developed in the 1980s, stepped away from both,
WID and WAD and was founded in socialist-feminist ideology (Rathgeber 1940.
493). The GAD approach holds with the oppression of women stems largely iron
a neoliberal focus on improving women’s reproductive and productive capacities.
 Women in Development
• The Women in Development (WID) approached the issues-the
exclusion of women from the program and approaches. WID saw
women as a group that lacks opportunity to participate in
development.
Women and Development
• The women and development is a approach comes from the
perspective that equality will be essential to improving
women’s positions, but still frames change in terms of
providing women access to the productive sector.
 Gender and Development
Gender and Development was developed in the 1980s, stepped away
from both, WID and WAD and was founded in socialist-feminist
ideology (Rathgeber 1940. 493). The GAD approach holds with the
oppression of women stems largely iron a neoliberal focus on
improving women’s reproductive and productive capacities
 The Equity Approach
• The equity approach, in contrast to the welfare approach, saw
women as active participants organizing to bring about necessary
changes.
 The Anti-Poverty Approach

• This approach focuses on both the productive and reproductive role

of women with an emphasis on satisfaction of basic needs and the
productivity of women.
 The Efficiency Approach

• The efficiency approach aims to have increased production and

economic growth with an emphasis on full use of human resources.
 The Empowerment Approach
• Its main strategy is awareness-raising and situates women
firmly as active participants in ensuring change takes place.
 Practical Approaches to the
Development of Women
•The Welfare Approach
• Until the early 1970s, development programs addressed the needs of women
almost entirely within the context of their reproductive roles. The focus was on
mother and child health, child-care, and nutrition. Population control-or family
planning as it later came to be known-was a major focus as well due to the link
made between population growth and poverty. The focus was clearly on meeting
practical needs.