UNIT-4

COMMUNICATIONS AND CONNECTIVITY

 COMMUNICATIONS
Computer communications describes a process in which two or more computers or
devices transfer data, instructions, and information. Computer communications
are used to procure, store, control, and transmit information to people and business units,
departments, office units, both internal and external.
Figure shows a sample communications system. Some communications involve cables
and wires; others are sent wirelessly through the air. As illustrated in this figure,
communications systems contain all types of computers and computing devices. For
successful communications, you need the following:
• A sending device that initiates an instruction to transmit data, instructions, or
information.
• A communications device that connects the sending device to a communications
channel.
• A communications channel, or transmission media on which the data, instructions,
or information travel.
• A communications device that connects the communications channel to a receiving
device.
• A receiving device that accepts the transmission of data, instructions, or
information.
All types of computers and mobile devices serve as sending and receiving devices
in a communications system. This includes mainframe computers, servers,
desktop computers, notebook computers, Tablet PCs, smart phones, portable
media players, and GPS receivers. One type of communications device that
connects a communications channel to a sending or receiving device such as a
computer is a modem. Two examples of communications channels are cable
television lines and telephone lines.

USES OF COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS

Computer communications are everywhere. Many require that users subscribe to
an Internet access provider. With other computer communications, an organization
such as a business or school provides communications services to employees,
students, or customers.
1. Wireless Messaging Services
1. Wireless Instant Messaging
2. Picture/Video Messaging
3. Wireless Internet Access Points
2. Cybercafés
3. Global Positioning Systems
4. Groupware
5. Voice Mail
6. Web Services
 CONNECTIVITY
In general terms, connectivity is the ability to connect systems or application
programs. Ideally, these connections are established without requiring many changes
to the applications or the systems on which they run. Application programs may need
to communicate with each other to complete transactions or to effectively balance
resources at an installation.

However, application programs are often written in different programming languages

and processors may use different operating systems or they may be in different
locations. To enable communications, application programs must follow common
rules and a physical connection must be established between the processors on
which the programs run.

For communications among guest systems within a z/VM image, you can define a
virtual network that deploys Internet Protocol (Layer 3) or Ethernet (Layer 2) as the
transport. Either of these transports supports Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP) communications. The Ethernet transport also provides the ability to
support non-IP based applications on the virtual network.
IBM's Systems Network Architecture (SNA) defines a set of communications functions
and protocols for sending data between systems. The set of protocols that application
programs most commonly use is called LU Type 6.2 or Advanced Program-to-Program
Communications (APPC). The z/VM implementation of the APPC communications
functions is called Advanced Program-to-Program Communications/VM (APPC/VM).

IBM's Systems Application Architecture® (SAA) also defines a set of programming

languages and common programming interfaces that are common across different
operating systems. Application programs that are written in SAA languages and use
only SAA common programming interfaces are portable between different computer
systems. The interfaces to SAA functions for functions that use APPC are called
Common Programming Interfaces (CPI) Communications. CPI Communications is a
common high-level language and REXX programming interface for APPC.
z/VM provides the following components and facilities that enable logical connections
between systems and application programs that use TCP/IP, APPC/VM, or CPI-
Communications protocols.
• Control Program (CP)
• Conversational Monitor System (CMS)
• Inter-System Facility for Communications (ISFC)
• TCP/IP for z/VM
• Transparent Service Access Facility (TSAF)
These components and facilities support the APPC/VM and CPI-Communications
protocols between application programs. Application programs that use these
protocols can use the logical connections provided by z/VM to communicate and
exchange data.
CMS and CP support communications between applications that reside on the
same z/VM system. CMS supports CPI-Communications protocols for application
programs and CP supports APPC/VM communications between application programs.
When application programs reside in a collection of systems, TSAF and ISFC provide
the services necessary to route communications between the application programs.
AVS provides services that let application programs communicate with other programs
on z/VM or non-z/VM systems in an SNA network.
 Data Communication Systems
Data Communication is defined as exchange of data between two devices via
some form of transmission media such as a cable, wire or it can be air or
vacuum also. For occurrence of data communication, communicating devices
must be a part of communication system made up of a combination of hardware
or software devices and programs.
Data communication refers to the exchange of data between a source and a
receiver via form of transmission media such as a wire cable. Data
communication is said to be local if communicating devices are in the same
building or a similarly restricted geographical area.
 Data Communication System Components

1. Message : This is most useful asset of a data communication system. The message
simply refers to data or piece of information which is to be communicated. A
message could be in any form, it may be in form of a text file, an audio file, a video
file, etc.
2. Sender : To transfer message from source to destination, someone must be
there who will play role of a source. Sender plays part of a source in data
communication system. It is simple a device that sends data message. The
device could be in form of a computer, mobile, telephone, laptop, video camera,
or a workstation, etc.
3. Receiver : It is destination where finally message sent by source has arrived. It is
a device that receives message. Same as sender, receiver can also be in form of
a computer, telephone mobile, workstation, etc.
4. Transmission Medium : In entire process of data communication, there must be
something which could act as a bridge between sender and receiver,
Transmission medium plays that part. It is physical path by which data or
message travels from sender to receiver. Transmission medium could be guided
(with wires) or unguided (without wires), for example, twisted pair cable, fiber
optic cable, radio waves, microwaves, etc.
5. Set of rules (Protocol) : To govern data communications, various sets of rules
had been already designed by the designers of the communication systems, which
represent a kind of agreement between communicating devices. These are
defined as protocol. In simple terms, the protocol is a set of rules that govern data
communication. If two different devices are connected but there is no protocol
among them, there would not be any kind of communication between those two
devices. Thus the protocol is necessary for data communication to take place.
 Communication Channels
Communication channels are the medium that connects two or more workstations.
Workstations can be connected by either wired media or wireless media. It is also
known as a transmission medium. The transmission medium or channel is a link that
carries messages between two or more devices. We can group the communication
media into two categories:
Guided media transmission
Unguided media transmission
1. Guided Media: In this transmission medium, the physical link is created using
wires or cables between two or more computers or devices, and then the data is
transmitted using these cables in terms of signals. Guided media transmission of
the following types:
1. Twisted pair cable: It is the most common form of wire used in
communication. In a twisted-pair cable, two identical wires are wrapped
together in a double helix. The twisting of the wire reduces the crosstalk. It is
known as the leaking of a signal from one wire to another due to which signal
can corrupt and can cause network errors. The twisting protects the wire from
internal crosstalk as well as external forms of signal interference. Types of
Twisted Pair Cable :
 1. Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP): It is used in computers and telephones
widely. As the name suggests, there is no external shielding so it does not
protects from external interference. It is cheaper than STP.
2. Shielded Twisted Pair (STP): It offers greater protection from crosstalk
due to shield. Due to shielding, it protects from external interference. It
is heavier and costlier as compare to UTP.
2. Coaxial Cable: It consists of a solid wire core that is surrounded by one or more
foil or wire shields. The inner core of the coaxial cable carries the signal and the
outer shield provides the ground. It is widely used for television signals and also
used by large corporations in building security systems. Data transmission of
this cable is better but expensive as compared to twisted pair.
3. Optical fibers: Optical fiber is an important technology. It transmits large
amounts of data at very high speeds due to which it is widely used in internet
cables. It carries data as a light that travels inside a thin glass fiber. The fiber optic
cable is made up of three pieces:
– Core: Core is the piece through which light travels. It is generally created using
glass or plastic.
– Cladding: It is the covering of the core and reflects the light back to the core.
– Sheath: It is the protective covering that protects fiber cable from the
environment.
2. Unguided Media: The unguided transmission media is a transmission mode in
which the signals are propagated from one device to another device wirelessly.
Signals can wave through the air, water, or vacuum. It is generally used to transmit
signals in all directions. Unguided Media is further divided into various parts :

1. Microwave: Microwave offers communication without the use of cables.

Microwave signals are just like radio and television signals. It is used in long-
distance communication. Microwave transmission consists of a transmitter,
receiver, and atmosphere. In microwave communication, there are parabolic
antennas that are mounted on the towers to send a beam to another antenna.
The higher the tower, the greater the range.
2. Radio wave: When communication is carried out by radio frequencies, then it
is termed radio waves transmission. It offers mobility. It is consists of the
transmitter and the receiver. Both use antennas to radiate and capture the
radio signal.
3. Infrared: It is short-distance communication and can pass through any object.
It is generally used in TV remotes, wireless mouse, etc.
 Data Transmission
Data transmission is the transfer of data from one digital device to another. This
transfer occurs via point-to-point data streams or channels. These channels may
previously have been in the form of copper wires but are now much more likely to be
part of a wireless network
Data transmission is the process of sending digital or analog data over a
communication medium to one or more computing, network, communication or
electronic devices. It enables the transfer and communication of devices in a point-to-
point, point-to-multipoint and multipoint-to-multipoint environment. Data
transmission is also known as digital transmission or digital communications.
When we enter data into the computer via keyboard, each keyed element is
encoded by the electronics within the keyboard into an equivalent binary coded
pattern, using one of the standard coding schemes that are used for the interchange
of information. To represent all characters of the keyboard, a unique pattern of 7 or 8
bits in size is used. The use of 7 bits means that 128 different elements can be
represented, while 8 bits can represent 256 elements. A similar procedure is followed
at the receiver that decodes every received binary pattern into the corresponding
character.
The most widely used codes that have been adopted for this function are the
Extended Binary Coded Decimal (EBCDIC) and the American Standard Code for
Information Interchange codes (ASCII). Both coding schemes cater to all the normal
alphabetic, numeric, and punctuation characters, collectively referred to as printable
characters and a range of additional control characters, known as non-printable
characters.

Data Transmission Modes in Computer Networks

The Data Transmission mode specifies the direction of information flow between
two communication devices via a communication channel that includes an optical
fiber, wireless channels, copper wires, and other storage media . It is also known
as Data Communication Mode.

The transmission mode is sometimes referred to as a directional mode because

each communication channel is coupled with a direction provided by the
transmission media.

The Physical Layer in the Open System Interconnection (OSI) Layer Model is dedicated
to data transmission in the network. It primarily determines the direction in which
the data must travel to reach the receiving system or node.
 Types Of Transmission Mode

There are three primary types of transmission modes based on the direction of the
exchange of information. The first is simplex, followed by half duplex, and finally full
duplex.
 Data Transmission Types
There are two methods used to transmit data between digital devices: serial
transmission and parallel transmission. Serial data transmission sends data bits one
after another over a single channel. Parallel data transmission sends multiple data bits
at the same time over multiple channels.

Serial transmission :
In this type of transmission a single link is used to
transmit data bits and only one bit is transferred at a time.
• Parallel Transmission: In this transmission, data bits are transmitted
simultaneously through multiple links, which are placed parallel to each
other. Contrary to serial transmission where only one bit is transmitted at
a time, eight bits of data can be transmitted simultaneously in parallel
transmission.
• Bandwidth :
The maximum amount of data transmitted over an internet
connection in a given amount of time. Bandwidth is often mistaken for internet
speed when it's actually the volume of information that can be sent over a
connection in a measured amount of time – calculated in megabits per second
(Mbps).
• Protocols :
A set of rules that define the way data is transferred
between different agents. A data transmission protocol defines the physical
media to the composition of the message itself, possible going through error
detection and correction.
• A protocol is a standard set of rules that allow electronic devices to
communicate with each other. These rules include what type of data may
be transmitted, what commands are used to send and receive data, and
how data transfers are confirmed.
 E-Mail
• E-mail is defined as the transmission of messages on the Internet. It is
one of the most commonly used features over communications networks
that may contain text, files, images, or other attachments. ... Email
messages are conveyed through email servers; it uses multiple protocols
within the TCP/IP suite. (20 MB, 25 MB)
• Email (or e-mail) communication can be defined as the exchange of short
informational messages between at least two people over a computer
network. These messages containing plain text, images or document
attachments are delivered through email web-based services like Gmail,
Outlook, or Yahoo
• Group Communication. Electronic mail (e-mail), a system that allows
users to send and receive messages through a computer network, is the
most common groupware application and a central component of several
other groupware tools based on a messaging system.
 FAX
Fax (short for facsimile), sometimes called telecopying or telefax (the latter short
for telefacsimile), is the telephonic transmission of scanned printed material (both
text and images), normally to a telephone number connected to a printer or other
output device.
The original document is scanned with a fax machine (or a telecopier), which
processes the contents (text or images) as a single fixed graphic image, converting
it into a bitmap, and then transmitting it through the telephone system in the
form of audio-frequency tones. The receiving fax machine interprets the tones
and reconstructs the image, printing a paper copy.
Early systems used direct conversions of image darkness to audio tone in a
continuous or analogy manner. Since the 1980s, most machines modulate the
transmitted audio frequencies using a digital representation of the page which is
compressed to quickly transmit areas which are all-white or all-black.
Fax machines were ubiquitous in office environments in the 1980s and 1990s,
but have gradually been rendered obsolete by Internet-based technologies such
as email and the World Wide Web. They remain particularly popular in medical
administration and law enforcement.
 Voice Messaging
Voice messaging is an instant communication technology in which messages are
transmitted via voice media. Voice messaging is an alternative to voice calls or text
messages. It stores voice messages in a voice mail, which can be accessed via a
smart device or even a landline phone
Voice messaging uses the Audio Messaging Interchange Specification (AMIS) or
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) for transmission. Some of the salient features of
voice messaging include Web and phone service platforms, message tracking, simple
message record or upload, automatic re-dialing and online list management.
For businesses, voice messaging can offer considerable lead generation and can be
used for appointment reminders, recalls and dissemination of information. It can
also be used to improve customer service, to reach out to customers or provide
them with customized information, or to reach a larger segment of the market.
Voice messaging can be used to communicate either with a group or with just a
single contact. It also allows more expressiveness than text messaging but requires a
little more effort when composing a message.
 Video messaging
Video messaging is an asynchronous form of communication that involves
the exchange of short videos.
Video messaging works in a similar way as instant messaging (exchanging
short text messages), but instead of relying on typing out your thoughts, you
can capture your facial expressions and voice to deliver your message and
give it a human touch.
And since you talk faster than you type, you can deliver your message more
quickly with video messaging compared to when you default to instant
message or email.
Unlike a video meeting, video messaging doesn’t require your recipient to
be present to consume your message.
 Video conferencing
Video conferencing is a meeting with two or more participants who are participating
from different locations. They use a computer connection, audio, and video to
connect. Video conferencing can be used for team meetings, webinars, product
demos, job interviews, and more.
 Online services
An online service refers to any information and services provided over the Internet.
These services not only allow subscribers to communicate with each other, but they
also provide unlimited access to information. Online services can range from simple to
complex
email, instant messaging, message
boards, online conferencing, blogs,
Communication
micro-blogging e.g. Twitter, newsgroups,
chat, e-communities, social networking
train timetables, news services, traffic
Real Time Information
reports, weather
Commerce shopping, banking, auctions
 User connection(type)
A network is two or more devices connected through a link. A link is a communication
pathway that transfers data from one device to another. Devices can be a computer,
printer, or any other device that is capable to send and receive data. For visualization
purposes, imagine any link as a line drawn between two points.
For communication to occur, two devices must be connected in some way to the same
link at the same time. There are two possible types of connections:
1. Point-to-Point Connection
2. Multipoint Connection
Point-to-Point Connection : A point-to-point connection provides a dedicated link
between two devices. The entire capacity of the link is reserved for transmission
between those two devices.
Most point-to-point connections use an actual length of wire or cable to connect the
two ends, but other options such as microwave or satellite links are also possible.
Point to point network topology is considered to be one of the easiest and most
conventional networks topologies. It is also the simplest to establish and understand.
Example: Point-to-Point connection between the remote control and Television for
changing the channels.
• Multipoint Connection : It is also called Multidrop configuration. In this connection,
two or more devices share a single link. If more than two devices share the link then
the channel is considered as a ‘shared channel’. With shared capacity, there can be
two possibilities in a Multipoint Line configuration:
– Spatial Sharing: If several devices can share the link simultaneously, it’s called
Spatially shared line configuration.
– Temporal (Time) Sharing: If users must take turns using the link, then it’s called
Temporally shared or Time Shared Line configuration.
 Networking of Computers
A computer network comprises two or more computers that are connected—
either by cables (wired) or Wi-Fi (wireless)—with the purpose of transmitting,
exchanging, or sharing data and resources. You build a computer network using
hardware (e.g., routers, switches, access points, and cables) and software (e.g.,
operating systems or business applications).
Geographic location often defines a computer network. For example, a LAN (local
area network) connects computers in a defined physical space, like an office
building, whereas a WAN (wide area network) can connect computers across
continents. The internet is the largest example of a WAN, connecting billions of
computers worldwide.
You can further define a computer network by the protocols it uses to
communicate, the physical arrangement of its components, how it controls traffic,
and its purpose.
Computer networks enable communication for every business, entertainment,
and research purpose. The internet, online search, email, audio and video sharing,
online commerce, live-streaming, and social networks all exist because of
computer networks.
An example of networking is sharing and acquiring information between different
divisions of the same company to share information and solve business problems.
An example of networking is linking the entire network of computers to a print
server to allow each workstation to have the ability to print documents.
 IMPORTANT TERMS AND CONCEPTS
The following are some common terms to know when discussing computer networking:
• IP address: An IP address is a unique number assigned to every device
connected to a network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. Each
IP address identifies the device’s host network and the location of the device
on the host network. When one device sends data to another, the data
includes a ‘header’ that includes the IP address of the sending device and the IP
address of the destination device.
• Routers: A router is a physical or virtual device that sends information
contained in data packets between networks. Routers analyze data within the
packets to determine the best way for the information to reach its ultimate
destination. Routers forward data packets until they reach their destination
node.
• Nodes: A node is a connection point inside a network that can receive, send,
create, or store data. Each node requires you to provide some form of
identification to receive access, like an IP address. A few examples of nodes
include computers, printers, modems, bridges, and switches. A node is
essentially any network device that can recognize, process, and transmit
information to any other network node.
• Client: A client is a program that runs on the local machine requesting service
from the server. A client program is a finite program means that the service
started by the user and terminates when the service is completed.
• Server: A server is a program that runs on the remote machine providing
services to the clients. When the client requests for a service, then the server
opens the door for the incoming requests, but it never initiates the service.
• Switches: A switch is a device that connects other devices and manages node-
to-node communication within a network, ensuring data packets reach their
ultimate destination. While a router sends information between networks, a switch
sends information between nodes in a single network. When discussing computer
networks, ‘switching’ refers to how data is transferred between devices in a
network. The three main types of switching are as follows:
– Circuit switching, which establishes a dedicated communication path between
nodes in a network. This dedicated path assures the full bandwidth is available
during the transmission, meaning no other traffic can travel along that path.
– Packet switching involves breaking down data into independent components
called packets which, because of their small size, make fewer demands on the
network. The packets travel through the network to their end destination.
– Message switching sends a message in its entirety from the source node,
traveling from switch to switch until it reaches its destination node.
• Ports: A port identifies a specific connection between network devices. Each port
is identified by a number. If you think of an IP address as comparable to the address
of a hotel, then ports are the suites or room numbers within that hotel. Computers
use port numbers to determine which application, service, or process should receive
specific messages.
 Using the Network
• COMMUNICATION. Everything, from the world wide web to online banking to
multiplayer computer games, depends on the ability of computers to communicate.
• ACCESSING RESOURCES. (Data and information, Printers and scanners, Software, Labour
and money, Other hardware resources)
• CENTRALISATION OF DATA.
• TRANSFER OF FILES.
• INCREASED PRODUCTIVITY.
• LEISURE.
• WIRED NETWORK.
• WIRELESS NETWORKS.
 The Internet and the Web
In simplest terms, the Internet is a global network comprised of smaller networks that
are interconnected using standardized communication protocols. The Internet
standards describe a framework known as the Internet protocol suite. This model
divides methods into a layered system of protocols.
Application layer (highest) – concerned with the data(URL, type, etc.). This is where
HTTP, HTTPS, etc., comes in
Transport layer – responsible for end-to-end communication over a network.
Network layer – provides data route.
The Internet is the network of networks and the network allows to exchange of the
data between two or more computers. The Web is a way to access Information
through the Internet. It is also known as Network of Networks. The Web is a model for
sharing information using Interne
 WWW
The World Wide Web, commonly known as the Web, is an information system where
documents and other web resources are identified by Uniform Resource Locators,
which may be interlinked by hyperlinks, and are accessible over the Interne
The World Wide Web ("WWW" or "The Web") is the part of the Internet that contains
websites and webpages. ... Websites are composed of pages linked by hypertext links
that are written in HTML. The software to see the World Wide Web is called a web
browser. One also needs a connection to the Internet.
 Telecommunication Concepts
Telecommunication is a global term for a variety of information-transmitting
technologies like landlines, mobile phones, VoIP networks, and broadcast
networks. ... A variety of technologies based on circuit switching, message switching,
or packet switching methodologies are used by the links to route messages and signals

THE FIVE BASIC COMPONENTS IN A TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORK

• Input and output devices.

• Telecommunication channels.
• Telecommunication processors.
• Control software.
• Messages.
• Protocols.
 OSI reference model
OSI stands for Open System Interconnection is a reference model that
describes how information from a software application in one computer
moves through a physical medium to the software application in another
computer. OSI consists of seven layers, and each layer performs a particular
network function.
 Protocol stack
A protocol stack refers to a group of protocols that are running concurrently that
are employed for the implementation of network protocol suite.
The protocols in a stack determine the interconnectivity rules for a layered
network model such as in the OSI or TCP/IP models. To become a stack the
protocols must be interoperable being able to connect both vertically between
the layers of the network and horizontally between the end-points of each
transmission segment.
 LAN
A LAN is a computer network that consists of access points, cables, routers, and
switches that enable devices to connect to web servers and internal servers within a
single building, campus, or home network, and to other LANs via Wide Area Networks
(WAN) or Metropolitan Area Network (MAN).
The function of Local Area Networks is to link computers together and provide shared
access to printers, files, and other services. Local area network architecture is
categorized as either peer-to-peer or client-server. On a client-server local area
network, multiple client-devices are connected to a central server, in which application
access, device access, file storage, and network traffic are managed.
 MAN
Devices used for transmission of data through MAN are: Modem and Wire/Cable.
Examples of a MAN are the part of the telephone company network that can provide
a high-speed DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) line to the customer or the cable TV network
in a city
A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a computer network that connects computers
within a metropolitan area, which could be a single large city, multiple cities and
towns, or any given large area with multiple buildings. A MAN is larger than a local
area network (LAN) but smaller than a wide area network (WAN). MANs do not have
to be in urban areas; the term "metropolitan" implies the size of the network, not the
demographics of the area that it serves.
 WAN
The Internet is a WAN (Wide Area Network). A network of bank cash dispensers is a
WAN. A school network is usually a LAN. LANs are often connected to WANs, for
example a school network could be connected to the Internet
In its simplest form, a wide-area network (WAN) is a collection of local-area
networks (LANs) or other networks that communicate with one another. A WAN is
essentially a network of networks, with the Internet the world's largest WAN.
Today, there are several types of WANs, built for a variety of use cases that touch
virtually every aspect of modern life.
 Topologies
Topology is derived from two Greek words topo and logy, where topo means 'place'
and logy means 'study'. In computer networks, a topology is used to explain how a
network is physically connected and the logical flow of information in the network. A
topology mainly describes how devices are connected and interact with each other
using communication links.
In networking, topology refers to the layout of a computer network. Topology can be
described either physically or logically. Physical topology means the placement of the
elements of the network, including the location of the devices or the layout of the
cables
Physical Topology: A physical topology describes the way in which the computers or
nodes are connected with each other in a computer network. It is the arrangement of
various elements(link, nodes, etc.), including the device location and code installation
of a computer network. In other words, we can say that it is the physical layout of
nodes, workstations, and cables in the network
Logical Topology: A logical topology describes the way, data flow from one computer to
another. It is bound to a network protocol and defines how data is moved throughout
the network and which path it takes. In other words, it is the way in which the devices
communicate internally.
THERE ARE MAINLY SIX TYPES OF PHYSICAL TOPOLOGY

• Bus Topology
• Ring Topology
• Star Topology
• Mesh Topology
• Tree Topology
• Hybrid Topology
 Internet
• The Internet is a global network of billions of computers and other electronic
devices. With the Internet, it's possible to access almost any information,
communicate with anyone else in the world, and do much more. You can do all of
this by connecting a computer to the Internet, which is also called going online.
• The Internet is a virtual networking medium that can be connected and used on
various devices these days. ... A few of the Internet's major uses are e-commerce,
e-learning, knowledge sharing, social connectivity, variety of media, file transfer,
communication, etc.
 Intranet
• An intranet is a private network that can only be accessed by authorized users. ...
For example, a business may create an intranet to allow employees to securely
share messages and files with each other
• An intranet can be defined as a private network used by an organization. Its
primary purpose is to help employees securely communicate with each other, to
store information, and to help collaborate
 Extranet
• Extranet is an external-facing website containing information that is typically only
accessible on an organization's intranet (or internal network). Access to an
extranet is controlled and limited only to authorized users such as partners,
vendors, suppliers, or customers.
• It is often defined as a private network that leverages internet technology and
public telecommunication system to share part of a business's information or
operations over a secure system with suppliers, vendors, partners, customers, or
other businesses. ... A good example of an extranet network would be Share point.