Global Interstate System

A state is a political entity that regulates society and

the population within a territory. Government is
considered to form the fundamental apparatus of
contemporary states.

On the other hand, a State is defined in political

science as a patch of land with a sovereign
government. A State is the political unit that has the
sovereign power over a piece of land. A State can
also be defined as a community that lives under the
power of the government.
This State is also an organized community in a particular
area. There are States that are also nations and, in such
circumstances, they are called nation-states. The
situation is troublesome when a state overlaps the
boundaries of several nations and this is when there are
often civil wars. At present thereare 195 nations
(including nation states).
What is the difference between State and Nation?
• A nation is a group of people who share common cultural heritage, a
bonding because of shared history and geographical boundaries.

• On the other hand, a state is defined as a patch of land with a

sovereign government. A State is the political unit
who has the sovereign power over a piece of land. A State can also be
defined as a community (organized) in a specific area governed by a
specific government.

• A nation does not create laws. A nation has customs and traditions.
But a State does create law.
• A nation is more of a political and cultural combination. A State is a
political and judicial combination.

• A nation to be called a nation does not necessarily have to be inside the

same boundaries. For example, the Jewish people are all over the world.
Yet, they are called the Jewish nation too. A State to be called a State it
clearly needs a particular area over which it holds power.

• There are States that are also nations and, in such circumstances, they are
called nation-states.
INTERSTATE SYSTEM is a system of unequally
powerful and competing states in which no
single state is capable of imposing control on all
others. These states interaction with one
another in a set of shifting alliance and wars and
changes in relative power of states upsets any
temporary sets of alliances, leading to
restructuring of balance of power.
Global Interstate System

It is the whole system of human

interactions. The modern world-system
is structured politically as an interstate
system – a system of competing and
allying states. Political Scientists
commonly call this the international
system,
and it is the main focus of the field of
International Relation.
What is the purpose of global interstate system?

To contribute to peace and security by promoting

international collaboration through educational,
scientific, and cultural reforms
in order to increase universal respect for justice,
the rule of law, and human rights along with
fundamental freedom
Global governance

is a process which allows interconnectivity across

different border and sovereign territories. It is a
movement towards
political cooperation among transnational actors,
aimed at negotiating response to a problem that
affect more than one state. Global governance is one
of the most influencing tools for globalization.
Factors behind the emergence of global
governance :

1. Declining power of nation states.

2. Vast flow of all sorts of things through
border of nation-states.
3. Mass migration of people and their entry
into various nation-states.
4. Increase of criminal elements.
5. Horrendous events within nation-states.
6. Global problems.
7. Global financial problems and panic.
Institution that govern international Relations:

UNITED NATIONS

United States President FRANKLIN ROOSEVELT coined the name united

nations that was used in the declaration of United Nation on 1 of
January 1942. UN means allies to fight against the Axis Powers in the
Second World War II. Only 26 nation’s representatives pledge their
governments to:

1. Each Government pledges itself to employ its full resources, military

or economic, against those members of the tripartite pact and its
adherents with which such government is at war.
2. Each Government pledges itself to cooperate with the Governments
signatory hereto and not to make a separate armistice or peace with
the enemies.
The United Nations (UN) is an
intergovernmental organization whose stated
purposes are to maintain international peace and
security, develop friendly relations among nations,
achieve international cooperation, and serve as a
centre for harmonizing the actions of nations. It is
the world's largest international organization.
The UN's objectives, as defined by its charter,
include:

maintaining international peace and security,

protecting human rights,
delivering humanitarian aid,
promoting sustainable development,
 and upholding international law.

At its founding, the UN had 51 member states;

as of 2023, it has 193 – almost all of the
world's sovereign states.
STRUCTURE OF United Nations:

Central to the organization are five principal

organs established by the UN Charter:

 General Assembly
 Security Council
 Economic and Social Council
 International Court of Justice
UN Secretariat
1) GENERAL ASSEMBLY

The UNGA is responsible for the UN budget, appointing

the non-permanent members to the Security Council,
appointing the UN secretary-general, receiving reports
from other parts of the UN system, and making
recommendations through resolutions. It also establishes
numerous subsidiary organs to advance or assist in its
broad mandate. The UNGA is the only UN organ where all
member states have equal representation.
2) SECURITY COUNCIL is charged with ensuring
international peace and security, recommending the
admission of new UN members to the
General Assembly, and approving any changes to
the UN Charter. Its powers as outlined in the United
Nations Charter include establishing peacekeeping
operations, enacting international sanctions, and
authorizing military action. The UNSC is the only UN
body with authority to issue resolutions that are
binding on member states.
3) The United Nations Economic and Social
Council (ECOSOC);

-responsible for coordinating the economic

and social fields of the organization, specifically
in regards to the fifteen specialised agencies,
the eight functional commissions, and the five
regional commissions under its jurisdiction.

ECOSOC serves as the central forum for

discussing international economic and social
issues, and formulating policy
recommendations addressed to member states
and the United Nations System.
4) The International Court of Justice (ICJ; also
called the World Court,

-
is the only international court that adjudicates
general disputes between nations, and gives
advisory opinions on international legal issues.
It is one of the six organs of the United Nations
(UN),and is located in The Hague, Netherlands
.
5) The United Nations Secretariat

-is one of the six principal organs of the

United Nations (UN), The secretariat is the
UN's executive arm. The secretariat has an
important role in setting the agenda for the
deliberative and decision-making bodies of the
UN (i.e., the General Assembly, Economic and
Social Council, and Security Council), and the
implementation of the decision of these
bodies. The secretary-general, who is
appointed by the General Assembly, is the
head of the secretariat.
3. OTHER INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS

The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

The OECD is an organization providing a forum for developed countries
which share fundamental values and principles of politics and economy to
freely discuss a broad range of topics other than politics and military affairs.
Serving as the world opinion leader, the OECD has been searching for ways to
ensure sustainable development of the world by identifying and analyzing
potential problems which may confront the international community in
the future. For instance, the OECD became concerned with the global
environmental problem long before the problem came to attract attention
worldwide as seen today.

Accordingly, it has studied the problem from all angles by giving full play to its
expertise
in economic analysis. Also, the OECD has recently established the Center for
Cooperation in Changing European Economies and is about to play a leading
role in integrating East European countries into the world economy by
providing these rapidly changing countries with knowledge and know-how
on the market economy of OECD member countries.
International Monetary Fund (IMF)

The IMF has been serving as the central pillar of the international
financial system and
playing an important part in promoting policy coordination among
developed countries and
dealing with the accumulated debt problem. In the future, it is
expected to play an active role in assisting in reforms in Eastern
Europe and promoting the "New Debt Strategy ".
At its Interim Committee held in May 1990, a need to further
strengthen the IMF's
financial position and measures for delinquent countries was
emphasized. The committee then agreed on the 9th quota
increase as well as the third amendment of its articles. As a
result, by the end of1991, IMF's capital resources will have been
increased by 50% and the amendments of articles allowing the IMF
to suspend the voting right of delinquent countries will have taken
effect.
The IMF’s mandate

The IMF promotes international monetary cooperation and

provides policy advice and capacity development support to help
countries build and maintain strong economies.

The IMF also provides medium-term loans and helps countries

design policy programs to solve balance of payments problems
when sufficient financing cannot be obtained to meet net
international payments. IMF loans are short and medium term and
funded mainly by the pool of quota contributions that its members
provide. IMF staffs are primarily economists with wide experience
in macroeconomic and financial policies.
The World Bank’s mandate

The World Bank promotes long-term economic

development and poverty reduction by providing technical
and financial support to help countries reform certain
sectors or implement specific projects—such as building
schools and health centers, providing water and
electricity, fighting disease, and protecting the
environment.

World Bank assistance is generally long term and is

funded both by member country contributions and through
bond issuance. World Bank staffs are often specialists
on particular issues, sectors, or techniques.
Reducing debt burdens

The IMF and World Bank have worked together to reduce the
external debt burdens of the most heavily indebted poor countries
under the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative and the
Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative (MDRI).

To date, debt reduction packages under the HIPC Initiative have been
approved for 36 countries out of 39 eligible countries providing $76 billion
in debt-service relief over time.

The IMF and World Bank continue to collaborate in assisting low

-income countries achieve their development goals without creating
future debt problems. IMF and Bank staff jointly prepare country debt
sustainability analysis under the Debt Sustainability Framework (DSF)
developed by the two institutions.
Assessing financial stability

The IMF and the World Bank are also working

together to make financial sectors in member
countries resilient and well regulated. The Financial
Sector Assessment Program (FSAP) was introduced
in 1999 to identify the strengths and
vulnerabilities of a country's financial system and
recommend appropriate policy responses.

The United Nations (UN) and the World Bank

Group (WBG) have been discussing cooperation
since the founding of the two organizations (1944
and 1945, respectively) which focuses on economic
and social areas of mutual concern, such as
reducing poverty, promoting sustainable
development, and investing in people.
Challenges of Global Governance in the Twenty-
first Century

There are still many issues that face the global

community in the 21st century. Here are some of
the challenges that global governance is trying to
address and find solutions to. Issues about threats
to our existence like climate change, weapons of
mass destruction, terrorism, pandemics, etc. Issues
about civil rights like discrimination based on
ethnicity or national origin, religion, status, age,
disability, and sexual orientation. These are just
some of the problems that threaten global security
and stability that the global community faces in the
21st century.