ESL Week 10

2nd Semester
Grammar
Past Habits and States:
The difference between “used to” and simple past followed by an adverb of frequency:

● If the action is repeated in the past several times, i.e. a past habit, both forms can
be used with no difference in meaning.

e.g. I used to study physics. = I studied physics.

● If the action happened only once in the past or you have exact dates or number of
times, the simple past should be used.

e.g. I called Hellen three weeks ago. (NOT I used to call Hellen three weeks ago.)

e.g. I called Hellen four times three weeks ago. (NOT I used to call Hellen four times
three weeks ago.)
“used to" , "be used to" and "get used to"

Use:
used to + base form = past habits (that are not true now)
be used to + v. ing = 'be familiar with' or 'be accustomed to'
e.g. I am used to working at night. ( = I am familiar with that and it does
not bother me)
get used to + v.ing = the process of becoming familiar with something
e.g. It took my aunt five years to get used to living in Japan after
moving from Italy.
Note

● Be used to and get used to are followed by a noun, pronoun or the -ing
form of a verb, and can be used about the past, present or future.

e.g. I can't get used to him; he is so annoying! (pronoun)

e.g. I can't get used to his voice. (pronoun + noun)

e.g. I am not used to noise. (noun)

e.g. Laila is finding her new job hard but she'll get used to it soon. (future)

e.g. It took my aunt five years to get used to living in Japan after moving
from Italy. (past)
Exercise: p. 33 WB (1 Grammar A&B)
Answers
 Vocabulary
Exercise: P. 33 in WB (3 Vocabulary A & B)
Answers
Extra practice: Relationships Vocabulary
Check p. 34 WB (Exercise 3B)
Answers
Translation: Pronouns 2
Reflexive Pronouns:
● used to denote that an action is done and received by the same
subject.

1- 1st Person Pronouns: Myself / Ourselves

2- 2nd Person Pronouns: Yourself / Yourselves

3- 3rd Person Pronouns: Himself / Herself / Itself / Themselves

Note:

English reflexive pronouns are usually translated into Arabic using the
words "‫ "نفس‬or "‫ "ذات‬with the appropriate attached pronouns.
Reflexive Pronouns:
● Did you hurt yourself, John?
‫ ذاتك يا جون؟‬/ ‫هل جرحت نفسك‬

● ‫ال يمكننا أن ندافع عن أنفسنا دائًم ا‬

We cannot always defend ourselves.
Intensive Pronouns
An intensive pronoun is so similar to a reflexive pronoun. It is used to
provide emphasis on the action the subject does in a sentence.
● I myself got that job done.
‫ قمت شخصًيا بإنجاز هذه المهمة‬/ ‫أنجزت هذه المهمة بنفسي‬

● ‫لم يصدق أحد أنه هو بنفسه من كسر باب غرفته‬

Nobody could believe that he himself broke this room door.
 An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun used to
Indefinite Pronouns: substitute nouns that are not specific.

English Arabic Example

Each ‫ كل على حدة‬/ ‫كل‬ The teacher asked each student to present their
projects.

‫طلب المعلم من كل طالب أن يعرض مشروعه‬.

Another ‫آخر‬ Another person entered the house.

‫دلف شخص آخر إلى المنزل‬.

Anyone ‫ أي أحد‬/ ‫أي شخص‬ Is there anyone who chicken?

‫ أي أحد يحب الدجاج؟‬/ ‫هل من أحد‬

Indefinite Pronouns:
● Everyone
‫ الجميع‬/ ‫الكل‬
Can everyone stand up, please?
‫ رجاء؟‬،‫هل يمكن للجميع أن يقف‬
● Anything
‫أي شيء‬
She couldn’t hear anything.
‫لم تستطع أن تسمع أي شيء‬
● Everything
‫كل شيء‬
I found everything I was looking for.
‫ كل شيء كنت أبحث عنه‬/ ‫وجدت كل ما‬.
● Everybody
‫ الجميع‬/ ‫الكل‬
Everybody arrived on time.
‫وصل الجميع في الموعد‬.
Indefinite Pronouns:
● Nobody ● Nothing
‫ال أحد‬ ‫ال شيء‬
Nobody agreed on that. Nothing happened yesterday.
‫لم يوافق أي أحد على ذلك‬. ‫لم يحدث أي شيء البارحة‬.
● None ● Other
‫ال أحد‬ ‫آخر‬
Clara had invited all of her friends,
They wanted to find out who the
but none had come yet.
other person was.
‫ ولكن لم يأت أي أحد بعد‬،‫دعت كالرا كل أصدقائها‬.
‫أرادوا أن يعرفوا هوية الشخص اآلخر‬.
Indefinite Pronouns:
● Somebody ● Something
‫شخص ما‬ ‫شيء ما‬
Somebody took my bag from the closet. I do not like that there should always
‫شخص ما أخذ حقيبتي من الخزانة‬. be something to do.

● Someone ‫ال يروقني أنه دائًم ا ما يكون هناك شيء ما ألفعله‬.

‫شخص ما‬ ● Both

Could someone tell me where to find a ‫ كلتا‬/ ‫كال‬

lawyer?
I love both shirts
‫هل من شخص يخبرني أين يمكنني أن أجد محامًيا؟‬
‫أحب كال القميصين‬.
Possessive Pronouns
● A possessive pronoun is a pronoun used to express ownership or
possession.

1- 1st Person Pronouns: Mine / Ours

2- 2nd Person Pronouns: Yours

3- 3rd Person Pronouns: His / Hers / Its / Theirs

● Give this ball back to Jack and Sara. It’s theirs. (Theirs replaces their ball)

‫ فهي كرتهما‬،‫أِع د هذه الكرة إلى جاك وسارة‬

Below is a table of English personal pronouns and their Arabic equivalents.

English Arabic
mine ‫ـي‬
yours (masc.) ‫ـَك‬
Singular yours (fem.) ‫ـٍك‬
his ‫ـه‬
him ‫ـها‬
ours ‫ـنا‬
Dual yours ‫ـكما‬
theirs ‫ـهما‬
ours ‫ـنا‬
yours (masc.) ‫ـكم‬
Plural yours (fem.) ‫ـكن‬
theirs (masc.) ‫ـهم‬
theirs (fem.) ‫ـهن‬
● Those are my shoes. They are not your shoes.
Those are my shoes. They are not yours.
‫هذا حذائي وليس حذاءك‬
● ‫خطط السفر التي وضعتها تبدو مثيرة تماًم ا مثل خططي‬
-Your travel plans sound as exciting as my travel plans.
- Your travel plans sound as exciting as mine.
Translation Practice
 Translate the following sentences into Arabic
1- Gender equality in the workplace means both men and women getting the same
salary for equal work.

‫تعني المساواة بين الجنسين في مكان العمل أن يحصل كال الرجال والنساء على األجر نفسه ألداء العمل نفسه‬

2. Gender equality is a fundamental human right foundation for a peaceful,

prosperous and sustainable world for everyone.

.‫تعد المساواة بين الجنسين حًقا إنسانًيا أساسًيا لعالم مستدام ومزدهر ومسالم للجميع‬

3. Both women and girls represent half of the world’s population and therefore also
half of its potential. So, the abilities of each of them should be appreciated.

.‫ فإنهن يمثلن أيًض ا نصف إمكاناته فيجب تقدير قدرات كٍل منهن‬،‫ ولذا‬.‫تمثل النساء والفتيات نصف سكان العالم‬
4. Gender inequality has been exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic.
.‫تفاقم عدم المساواة بين الجنسين بسبب جائحة كورونا‬
5. Political leadership, investments and comprehensive policy reforms
are needed to dismantle other barriers to achieving gender equality.
‫ثمة حاجة إلصالحات القيادة السياسية واالستثمارات والسياسة الشاملة لتفكيك الحواجز األخرى التي تحول‬
.‫دون تحقيق المساواة بين الجنسين‬
6.Gender equality itself is a human right. It implies that everyone of all
classes and races are equals.
.‫ وتتضمن المساواة بين الجميع من كل الطبقات واألعراق‬.‫تعد المساواة بين الجنسين نفسها حق إنساني‬
7. Gender equality means that the rights, responsibilities, and opportunities of
individuals will not depend on whether someone is male or female.

.‫تعني المساواة بين الجنسين أن فرص األفراد ومسؤولياتهم وحقوقهم لن تعتمد على كون شخًصا ما ذكًرا أو أنثى‬

8. Empowering women and girls is an indispensable tool for achieving

development and advancement for everybody.

.‫تمكين النساء والفتيات أداة ال يمكن االستغناء عنها لتحقيق التنمية والتقدم للجميع‬

9. Ending all discrimination against both women and girls is not only a basic
human right, but it is also something that is crucial for sustainable future.

.‫ ولكنه أيًضا شيء مهم لتحقيق مستقبل مستدام‬،‫ال يعد القضاء على التفرقة ضد النساء والفتيات كلتيهما حًقا إنسانًيا‬.

10. Empowerment itself refers to increasing the political, social or economic

strength of individuals and communities.

.‫يشير التمكين نفسه إلى زيادة قوة األفراد والمجتمعات اقتصادًيا أو اجتماعًيا أو سياسًيا‬
Translate the following Sentences into English
‫يشرع االتحاد األوروبي واألمم المتحدة كالهما في مبادرة عالمية جديدة متعددة السنوات تركز على القضاء على جميع أشكال‬
.‫ ويطلق عليها اسم مبادرة تسليط الضوء‬،‫العنف ضد النساء والفتيات‬

Both the European Union (EU) and the United Nations (UN) have embarked on a
new, global, multi-year initiative focused on eliminating all forms of violence against
women and girls (VAWG) - The Spotlight Initiative.

‫أظهرت األدلة أن المساواة بين الجنسين نفسها دافع قوي للنمو االقتصادي الذي يمكن أن يساعد بدوره في تحقيق العدالة‬
.‫االجتماعية‬

Evidence showed that gender equality is a powerful driver for economic growth
which can, in turn, contribute in achieving social justice.

‫ يجب أن تحافظ على احترام المعايير الثقافية دون انتهاك حقوقهن‬،‫ إن الجهود الرامية لتعزيز تمكين المرأة‬.

3. Efforts aiming at promoting women empowerment should keep cultural standards

 ‫من المهم إنهاء األشكال المتعددة للعنف بين الجنسين وضمان المساواة في الحصول على التعليم الجيد والصحة‬-4
.‫والموارد االقتصادية والمشاركة في الحياة السياسية للجميع‬

It is important to end the multiple forms of gender violence and secure equal
access to quality education and health, economic resources and participation in
political life for everybody.

‫ أمر ضروري لتحقيق السالم في‬،‫ إلى جانب كونها حق أساسي من حقوق اإلنسان‬،‫إن المساواة بين الجنسين‬-5
.‫المجتمعات وإطالق إمكانيات جميع أفراد المجتمع‬

5. Gender equality, besides being a fundamental human right, is essential to

achieve peaceful societies, with everyone’s full potential.

.‫ ال يزال هناك طريق طويل لنقطعه لتحقيق المساواة في الحقوق والفرص بين كال الرجال والنساء‬،‫لسوء الحظ‬-6

Unfortunately, there is still a long way to go to achieve full equality of rights and
opportunities between both men and women.
Thank you