A fish swims below the surface of the water at point P.

An
observer at point O sees the fish at:

1) a greater depth than it really is

2) the same depth
3) a shallower depth than it really is
A fish swims below the surface of the water at point P. An
observer at point O sees the fish at:

1) a greater depth than it really is

2) the same depth
3) a shallower depth than it really is
A fish swims below the surface of the
water. Suppose an observer is looking at
the fish from point O, which is directly
above the fish. The observer sees the fish
at:

1) a greater depth than it really is

2) the same depth
3) a shallower depth than it really is
A fish swims below the surface of the
water. Suppose an observer is looking at
the fish from point O, which is directly
above the fish. The observer sees the fish
at:

1) a greater depth than it really is

2) the same depth
3) a shallower depth than it really is
To shoot a fish with a gun, should you aim directly at the image
that you see, slightly above the image, or slightly below it?

1) aim directly at the image

2) aim slightly above
3) aim slightly below
To shoot a fish with a gun, should you aim directly at the image
slightly above or slightly below?

1) aim directly at the image

2) aim slightly above
3) aim slightly below

You will see the fish at a position above its actual

position, so you should aim below this image.
To shoot a fish with a laser pistol, should you aim directly at the
image slightly above or slightly below?

A) aim directly at the image

B) aim slightly above
C) aim slightly below, about where you would aim a gun
D) aim even further below than you would aim with a gun
 ligh
t f ro
mf
las ish
e r be
am

To shoot a fish with a laser pistol, should you aim directly at the
image slightly above or slightly below?

A) aim directly at the image

B) aim slightly above
C) aim slightly below, about where you would aim a gun
D) aim even further below than you would aim with a gun

The light from the laser beam will also bend when it
hits the air-water interface, so aim directly the fish.
An observer views two closely spaced lines through an
angled piece of glass. To the observer, the lines appear:

1) shifted to the right

2) shifted to the left
3) spaced farther apart
4) spaced closer together
5) no change -- exactly as before
1 v1t

2 v2t
 1
v1t
i

h i
r
2
v2t
r
Snells’ Law sin inc  inc vinc
 
sin refr  refr vrefr
We can classify materials by their “index of refraction” defined as

the ratio of speed of light in a vacuum, c

speed of light through medium, v
c c
i.e. n  v
Note then that: v n
sin inc vinc c / ninc 1 / ninc nrefr
    reversing

sin refr vrefr c / nrefr 1 / nrefr ninc the

indices!

So often Snell’s Law is also written as: n1sin1 = n2sin2

 A ray of light is shown entering a glass prism, bending
down (toward the normal) as it enters.

As the ray re-enters the air through the opposite face of the prism

(1) it bends up.

(2) it passes through without bending.
(3) it bends further down.
 A ray of light is shown entering a glass prism, bending
down (toward the normal) as it enters.

Glass-into-air:
light bends
away from normal
Air-into-glass: light
bends toward normal

As the ray re-enters the air through the opposite face of the prism
(1) it bends up.
(2) it passes through without bending.
(3) it bends further down.