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A valve is a mechanical device that controls system or process fluid

flow and pressure by performing any or more of the following
functions:

• Stopping and starting fluid flow.

• Varying (throttling) the amount of fluid flow.
• Controlling the direction of fluid flow.
• Regulating downstream system or process pressure.
• Relieving component or piping over pressure.
Regardless of type, all valves have the following basic parts:
Actuator

• The body.
Packing
• Bonnet. Bonnet

• Trim (internal elements).

Stem
• Actuator.
Body
• packing.
Disk Seat
 Hydraulic Valves

Pressure Directional Flow

Control Control Control
Valve Valve Valve
)P.C.V( )D.C.V( )F.C.V(
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Pressure control valve

 INTRODUCTION

PRESSURE CONTROL VALVES

3

A pressure-control valve may limit or regulate

pressure, create a particular pressure
condition required for control, or cause
actuators to operate in a specific order. All
pure pressure-control valves operate in a
condition approaching hydraulic balance.

Usually the balance is very simple: pressure

is effective on one side or end of a ball,
poppet, or spool and is opposed by a spring.
In operation, a valve takes a position where
hydraulic pressure balances a spring force.
Since spring force varies with compression,
distance and pressure also can vary.
 TYPES OF PRC

RELIEF VALVE
1

Relief
Relief Valves.
Valves. The
The relief
relief valves'
valves' function
function may
may
vary, depending on a system's needs.
vary, depending on a system's needs. They They
can
can provide
provide overload
overload protection
protection for
for circuit
circuit
components
components or or limit
limit the
the force
force oror torque
torque
exerted by a linear actuator or rotary motor.
exerted by a linear actuator or rotary motor.
 PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE

DEFINITIONS ACORDING TO ASME CODE

Pressure relief device: A device designed to open in response to excessive internal normal or
subnormal fluid pressure, and sized to prevent the fluid pressure from exceeding a specified normal or
subnormal limit. May be re-close or non re-closing type.

Relief valve: A direct-loaded pressure relief valve intended mainly for liquid service

Pressure relief valve: A pressure relief device that re-closes automatically after the pressure excursion
has receded.

Direct-loaded pressure relief valve: A pressure relief valve in which the fluid pressure acting on the
disc in the opening direction is opposed by a direct mechanical-loading device such as a weight or a
spring.

Safety valve: A direct-loaded pressure relief valve that is intended mainly for gas, vapor, or boiler and
steam applications and characterized by pop-opening action.

Safety relief valve: A direct-loaded pressure relief valve that may be used either in gas or vapor
service or in liquid service. The valve will open in gas or vapor service with a pop action, and in liquid
service in proportion to the rise in overpressure though not necessarily linearly
 OPERATION PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE

LIFTING

When the inlet static pressure rises above the set pressure of the valve, the disc will begin to lift off its seat.
However, as soon as the spring starts to compress, the spring force will increase this means that the
pressure would have to continue to rise before any further lift can occur, and for there to be any significant
flow through the valve.
 OPERATION PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE

RESEATING

Once normal operating conditions have

been restored, the valve is required to close
again, but since the larger area of the
disc is still exposed to the fluid, the
valve will not close until the pressure has
dropped below the original set pressure.
The difference between the set pressure
and this reseating pressure is known as the
‘blowdown’, For compressible fluids, the
blowdown is usually less than 10%, and
for liquids, it can be up to 20%.
 PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE TYPES

CONVENTIONAL RELIEF VALVES

In which the operational characteristics are affected by any backpressure in the discharge system. It is
important to note that the total backpressure is generated from two components.

BACK
PRESSURE

BUILT- UP BACK SUPERIMPOSED

PRESSURE BACK PRESSURE
The additional
pressure generated on The static pressure that
the outlet side when exists on the outlet side
the valve is of a closed valve.
discharging
 PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE TYPES

CONVENTIONAL RELIEF VALVES

In a conventional safety valve, only the superimposed backpressure will affect the opening
characteristic and set value, but the combined backpressure will alter the blowdown
characteristic and re-seat value.

BUILT- UP BACK SUPERIMPOSED

PRESSURE BACK PRESSURE
 PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE TYPES

CONVENTIONAL RELIEF VALVES CLASSIFICATION

The ASME / ANSI standard makes the further

classification that conventional valves have a
spring housing that is vented to the discharge
or to atmosphere side of the valve.
In the case of a spring housing vented to the
discharge side of the valve By considering the
forces acting on the disc (with area AD ), it can
be seen that the required opening force
(equivalent to the product of inlet pressure (PV )
and the nozzle area (AN )) is the sum of the
spring force (FS ) and the force due to the
backpressure (PB ) acting on the top and bottom
of the disc. Therefore, any superimposed
backpressure will tend to increase the closing
force and the inlet pressure required to lift the
disc is greater.
 PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE TYPES

CONVENTIONAL RELIEF VALVES CLASSIFICATION

If the spring housing is vented to the

atmosphere, any superimposed backpressure
will still affect the operational characteristics.
Therefore, any superimposed backpressure will
tend to decrease the closing force and the inlet
pressure required to lift the disc is greater.
 PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE TYPES

CONVENTIONAL RELIEF VALVES CLASSIFICATION

the effects of built-up backpressure also have

to be taken into account. for a conventional
safety valve with the spring housing vented to the
discharge side of the valve, see Figure (a), the
effect of built-up backpressure can be
determined by considering Equation and by
noting that once the valve starts to open, the inlet
pressure is the sum of the set pressure, PS , and
the overpressure, P0 . If the backpressure is
greater than the overpressure, the valve will tend
to close, reducing the flow. This can lead to
instability within the system
 PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE TYPES

BALANCED PRESSURE RELIEF VALVES

Balanced safety valves are those that incorporate a means of eliminating the effects of backpressure.
There are two basic designs that can be used to achieve this:

PILOT OPERATED RELIEF VALVE

This type of safety valve uses the flowing
medium itself, through a pilot valve, to apply
the closing force on the safety valve disc.
The pilot valve is itself a small safety valve.

the main valve is designed so that the

bottom area of the piston, exposed to the
inlet fluid, is less than the area of the top of
the piston. As both ends of the piston are
exposed to the fluid at the same pressure,
this means that under normal system
operating conditions, the closing force,
resulting from the larger top area, is greater
than the inlet force.
 PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE TYPES

PISTON TYPE BALANCED RELIEF VALVE.

they generally consist of a piston type disc whose

movement is constrained by a vented guide. The
area of the top face of the piston, AP, and the
nozzle seat area, AN, are designed to be equal.
This means that the effective area of both the top
and bottom surfaces of the disc exposed to the
backpressure are equal, the forces affect on the
piston

Since AP equals AN, the last two terms of the

equation are equal in magnitude and cancel out
of the equation.
 PRESSURE RELIEF VALVE TYPES

BELLOW TYPE BALANCED RELIEF VALVE.

The bellows arrangement prevents backpressure

acting on the upper side of the disc within the area
of the bellows. The disc area extending beyond
the bellows and the opposing disc area are equal,
and so the forces acting on the disc are balanced,
and the backpressure has little effect on the valve
opening pressure. The bellows vent allows air to
flow freely in and out of the bellows as they
expand or contract

Since AP equals AN, the last two terms of the

equation are equal in magnitude and cancel out
of the equation.
 RUPTURE DISCS

RUPTURE DISC
2

Rupture discs are the pressure and

temperature sensitive element of non-
reclosing pressure relief devices, consisting
of the rupture disc and a holder. They are
designed to protect pressured systems
against damage from excessive overpressure
or vacuum by bursting at a predetermined
pressure differential across the disc
 Rupture Discs

Terminology
Forward-domed rupture disc. A rupture disc that is
domed in the direction of the fluid pressure and
designed to burst due to tensile forces.

Reverse-buckling disc. A safety disc that is domed

against the direction of the fluid pressure and designed
to buckle due to compression forces prior to bursting or
to being expelled from the holder.

Holder. The component of the rupture disc device that

holds the rupture disc around its circumference and
consisting of the inlet and outlet holder parts.

Vacuum support. A device that supports the rupture

disc against collapse due to vacuum pressure.
 Rupture Discs

Application of Rupture Discs

Rupture discs do not reclose after bursting.

The decision to install rupture discs may
therefore have important economical
consequences.
 Under conditions of uncontrolled reaction or
rapid overpressurization in which the inertia
of a pressure relief valve would inhibit the
required rapid relief of excess pressure

 When the fluid is extremely viscous.

 When the fluid would tend to deposit solids

on the underside of the pressure relief
valve disc that would render the valve
inoperable.

 When low temperature would cause pressure

relief valves to seize.
 Rupture Discs

Mounting Of Rupture Discs

Rupture discs may serve special requirements

by mounting two discs in series, or in parallel, or Rupture 1
in series with pressure relief valves.

1. Two discs in series.

Rupture 2
When the process fluid may corrode the first
disc, causing the discs to leak, the second disc
prevents the leaking fluid from escaping to the
surroundings. However, should the first disc
burst prematurely, the second disc is likely to
burst also Pressure
 Rupture Discs

Mounting Of Rupture Discs

2. Rupture disc in parallel with a pressure

relief valve: Rupture discs may be used in
parallel with pressure relief valves to serve as
a secondary pressure relief device that is set
to protect a pressure system against
overpressure excursions

Rupture

Pressure
 Rupture Discs

Mounting Of Rupture Discs

3. Rupture disc in series upstream of a pressure relief

valve:
To prevent corrosive fluid from leaking into the
valve. This may allow the valve to be made of
standard construction materials.

To prevent leakage past the disc of the pressure

relief valve to the atmosphere or vent system.

To prevent deposits from forming around the valve Pressure

seat that would impair the operation of the pressure
relief valve.

To reduce the cost of maintaining the pressure relief

valve.
 Rupture Discs

Temperature and Burst Pressure Relationships

Temperature influences the strength of the disc

materials so that there is a relationship
between temperature and burst pressure. The
relation-ship varies between rupture discs of
identical material but different construction.
 TYPES OF PRC

3 PRESSURE REDUCING VALVE

These valves limit pressure on a branch circuit

to a lesser amount than required in a main
circuit. example, in a system, a branch-circuit
pressure is limited to 300 psi, but a main circuit
must operate at 800 psi. A relief valve in a main
circuit is adjusted to a setting above 800 psi to
meet a main circuit's requirements. However, it
would surpass a branch-circuit pressure of 300
psi.
 PRESSURE REDUCING VALVE

TYPES OF PRESSURE REDUCING VALVE

X-SERIES TYPE
The two major assemblies are an adjustable pilot-
valve assembly in the cover, which determines
the operating pressure of the valve, and a spool
assembly in the body, which responds to the
action of the pilot valve to limit maximum pressure
at the outlet port.

When pressure at the valve inlet (diagram A)

does not exceed the pressure setting, the valve
is completely open. Fluid passes from the inlet
to the outlet with minimal resistance in the rated
capacity of the valve. Passage D connects the
outlet port to the bottom of the spool. Passage
E connects the chambers at each end of the
spool. Fluid pressure at the outlet port is
present on both ends of the spool. When these
pressures are equal, the spool is hydraulically
balanced. The only effective force on the spool
is the downward thrust of the spring, which
positions the spool and tends to maintain
passage C at its maximum size.
 PRESSURE REDUCING VALVE

TYPES OF PRESSURE REDUCING VALVE

XC-Series

An XC-series pressure-reducing valve limits

pressure at the outlet in the same way the X-
series does when flow is from its inlet port to
its outlet port. An integral check valve allows
reverse free flow from outlet to inlet port
even at pressures above the valve setting.
However, the same pressure-reducing action
is not provided for this direction of flow
 TYPES OF PRC

PRESSURE SEQUENCE VALVE

4
Sequence Valves
Sequence valves control the operating
sequence between two branches of a circuit.
The valves are commonly used to regulate an
operating sequence of two separate work
cylinders so that one cylinder begins stroking
when the other completes stroking. Sequence
valves used in this manner ensure that there is
minimum pressure equal to its setting on the
first cylinder during the subsequent operations
at a lower pressure.
 TYPES OF PRC

Counterbalance Valves
5

A counterbalance valve allows free flow of fluid in one

direction and maintains a resistance to flow in another
direction until a certain pressure is reached. A valve is
normally located in a line between a directional-control
valve and an outlet of a vertically mounted actuating
cylinder, which supports weight or must be held in
position for a period of time.

The valve element is balance-spool valve 4 that

consists of two pistons which are permanently fixed on
either end of the shaft. The inner piston areas are
equal; therefore, pressure acts equally on both areas
regardless of the position of the valve, and has no
effect on the movement of the valve, hence, the term
balanced. A small pilot piston is attached to the bottom
of the spool valve.
 TYPES OF PRC

Counterbalance Valves
5
 TYPES OF PRC

PRESSURE SWITCHES
6

Pressure switches are used in various

applications that require an adjust-table,
pressure-actuated electrical switch to make or
break an electrical circuit at a predetermined
pressure. An electrical circuit may be used to
actuate an electrically controlled valve or control
an electric-motor starter or a signal light. Figure
3-17 shows a pressure switch. Liquid, under
pressure, enters chamber A. If the pressure
exceeds the adjusted pressure setting of the
spring behind ball 1, the ball is unseated. The
liquid flows into chamber B and moves piston 2 to
the right, actuating the limit to make or break an
electrical circuit.
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