Competent Course Mhb21708

Fall Protection
Competent
Person Course
© 2007 Capital Safety

Attitudes about safety
• I've carefully thought out all the

angles.
• Nothing could possibly go wrong and
it wouldn’t happen to me anyway.
• I've done it a thousand times..
• I know what I’m doing, its what I've

been trained to do my whole life.

Think Again!

I’ll catch myself.
Time vs. Distance Fallen
18.0
16.0
14.0
12.0
Feet Fallen
10.0
8.0
6.0
4.0
2.0
0.0
0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Seconds

Wow that’s fast!
Speed at Various Fall Distances
60
50
Speed mph
40
30
20
10
5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95
Feet Fallen

How strong are you?
Force vs. Distance
120,000
100,000
80,000
Force (lbs.)
60,000
40,000
20,000
0
0.5 1.5 2.5 3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.5 11.5 12.5 13.5 14.5
Feet Fallen

How strong are you?
Distance vs. Force
800,000
700,000
600,000
Force (lbs.)
500,000
400,000
300,000
200,000
100,000
0
5 15 25 35 45 55 65 75 85 95
Distance Fallen (Ft.)
What makes us fall?

How will you react

Fall Protection in
the 21st Century
Motivators
• OSHA 1926.502
Sub-part M
• Liability &
Due Diligence
• Insurance
• ANSI

Your Motivator

Statistics
• 79,310 falls with reported injuries

in 2005
• Falls caused 809 U.S. workplace
deaths in 2006
• Falls are the #1 cause of
workplace death in the
construction industry
• OSHA ranks improper fall protection
as the #2 most serious
workplace safety violation
• Falls account for more than 20%
of the total cost of occupational
injuries

It’s Expensive
Workman’s Compensation
• Fall’s to a lower level

ranked 4th in Workman’s
Compensation at $4.6
billion
• $88 million per week in
Workers Comp

Statistics
2007 OSHA Violations
1. Scaffolding = 10,188
2. Fall Protection = 6,786
3. Hazard Communication= 6,658
4. Respiratory Protection = 4,113
5. Lockout/Tagout = 3,978

Falls by Industry
Fatalities Non-Fatal

When do I need Fall
Protection?
OSHA says…….
• Working at 6 ft. or
higher (Construction)
• Working at 4 ft or higher
(General Industry)

Hierarchy Approach to
Fall Protection

Engineering out the
Hazard

Fall Prevention
Rest Ladder
Platforms Cage
Over 24 ft.
Guardrail
Railing 42”
42” +/- 3”
+/- 3”

Fall Restraint

Fall Arrest System
• Clearance
• Freefall
• Rescue
Personal
• Energy Absorption
• Obstructions
Site • Training

Primary
vs.
Secondary
Protection

Clearance Calculations
Situation:
• I am 6 ft tall
• Using a 6 ft lanyard
• Anchored at my shoulder
How much fall

clearance do I need?
© 2007 Capital Safety OSHA 1926.501(d)(16)(iii) & (iv)

General Rule:
“You need 12.5 ft of clearance

with a 6 ft lanyard”
Free Fall
• 6.0 ft for Free Fall

Deceleration
• 3.5 ft for Deceleration
Safety Factor
• 1.0 ft for D-ring slide
• 2.0 ft for Safety Factor
12.5 ft clearance required
OSHA 1926.501(d)(16)(iii) & (iv)

What if I don’t have 12.5 ft of

clearance?
• Raise the anchor point
• Use a shorter lanyard
Free Fall
• Use a SRL
Deceleration SRL Example

• 3.5 ft for Deceleration
Safety Factor
• 1.0 ft for D-ring slide
• 2.0 ft for Safety Factor
6.5 ft clearance required
© 2007 Capital Safety OSHA 1926.501(d)(16)(iii) & (iv)

Fall Protection
Considerations
Swing Fall
This limit’s to a 4 ft drop Obstructions ?

Components of a Fall
Arrest System
• Body Support
• Connectors
• Anchorage
• Rescue

Body Support

Belt vs. Harness
OSHA 1926.502
(d):
“Effective Jan. 1,
1998, body belts are
not acceptable as
part of a personal fall
arrest system...”

Proper Use of Belts
OSHA
1926.502 (d):
…The use of a
body belt in a
positioning
device system is
acceptable…
Work Positioning Fall Restraint

Full Body Harness
ANSI
Fall Arrest
OSHA 1926.502 (d)
(always must have)
(16) (ii):
Personal fall arrest
systems shall limit
the maximum
arresting force on
an employee to
1,800 pounds (8
kN) when used with
a body harness.
Front Back

Other Harness Types
Controlled Descent
Escape &
Evacuation
• Harness Drop Video.enz

100% On or Off

Harness Donning
STEP ONE
Getting Started:
• Hold harness by
back D-ring
• Make certain
straps are not
twisted.

Harness Donning
STEP TWO
Shoulder Straps:
•Slip harness over arms and

onto shoulders.
• Make certain all straps are

not tangled and hang freely.
•Shoulder straps should be

kept vertical, not pulled into
center of body.
Harness Donning
STEP THREE
Leg Straps:
• Grab leg straps and

connect to buckles
• Pass excess strap through

loop keepers.
• Leg straps should fit

snugly.

Harness Donning
STEP FOUR
Chest Strap:
• Attach chest strap
• Strap should be six inches

below top of shoulders.
• Pass excess strap through

loop keeper.

Harness Donning
STEP FIVE
Adjusting:
Shoulders: To tighten, pull up on free ends of straps
as shown, to loosen, push down on parachute
adjuster buckle frame. Straps should be adjusted to
same length.
Chest Strap: To tighten, pull free end of strap, to
loosen, push on strap from free end through adjuster
buckle and take up slack by pulling on adjuster
buckle. To position, slide keeper up or down
shoulder strap.
Back D-ring: Center between shoulder blades,
slide D-ring and pad up or down along the webbing
to position.
Connectors
CONNECTORS
Connectors include lanyards, snap-
hooks, carabiners, deceleration
devices such as SRL’s, ladder climbing
systems, vertical & horizontal lifelines
and rope grabs
OSHA says…“ [1926.502(e)(5)]:

Connecting assemblies shall have a
minimum tensile strength of 5,000
lbs. (22 kN)."

Hardware
Snaphooks Carabiners
Must be double acting, auto locking (ANSI),

5000 lbs,
AND REMEMBER…..You can not connect a SNAP
HOOK to a CARABINER!!
Compatible Connection
Want a smaller hook than the D-ring
Not Compatible
Compatible (Forced Rollout)
Not
Compatible
(False Connection)

Incompatible Connection

Forced Rollout
OSHA 1926.502 (d) (5)

…effective Jan. 1998 only locking type snap
hooks shall be used.

Rollout vs.
Forced Rollout

Lanyards
Many different
types of lanyards
Needs to be able to
reduce energy from
5000 lbs force to…
• 1800 lbs for OSHA
and ANSI
• 900 lbs or less is
very common with
shock absorber

Work Positioning
System
OSHA
1926.502 (e)
• 2 ft. Free fall limit
• Anchorage
requirement 3000
lbs.
• OSHA considers
decent
control/rescue
systems same as
work positioning
Energy Absorbers
Remember:
• Always connect the shock

pack to the Dorsal D-ring
• Make sure you are not

exceeding the weight limit of
the lanyard
• Never connect two lanyards

together
• Never tie a knot in the

© 2007 Capital Safety lanyard
Anchorages

Anchors….5000 lbs.
Impact M.A.F.
Force Maximum Arresting Force
Strength and Stability

Anchorage Classes
Certified Non-Certified
(Engineered) (Improvised)
2 to 1 safety factor Requires 5000 lbs
As low as 1800 lbs. for OSHA
and 3600 lbs for ANSI
Anchorage Connectors

Self Retracting
Lifelines

SRL Use
Tagline
Fall Indicator
Deployed

Vertical Lifelines
ANSI Z359 3.2.7.2.3 : 5,600 lbs. Min. breaking strength

OSHA 1926.502 Subpart M, (D) (9): 5000 lbs min breaking strength

Fall Distance Calcs.
with VLL
Freefall: 6 feet (with 3’ lanyard)

Fall Arrester Lock off: 3.5 feet
Energy Absorber Deployment: 3.5 feet
D-Ring Slide: 1 foot
Lifeline Stretch: See below

Rope Grabs
Manual Roof Work

Rope Grabs &
Fall Arrestors
Manual
Automatic
Horizontal Lifeline
Anchorages
Fh >>
Fv
Fh Fh
Fv
Horizontal Lifelines
Temporary
OSHA 1926.502 (d) (8):
Horizontal lifelines shall be designed, installed, and used,
under the supervision of a QUALIFIED PERSON, as
part of a complete personal fall arrest system, which Permanent
maintains a safety factor of at least two.

Clearance Requirements
for
Temporary Horizontal Lifelines
Clearance measured from bottom of workers

feet. DBI-SALA Sayfline System

Horizontal Rigid Rails

Rescue Plan?
Some Days all

you can do is
smile and wait
for some kind
soul to come
pull your butt
out of the bind
you’ve gotten
yourself into!

Rescue and Escape
OSHA 1926.502 (d) (20):

The employer shall provide for prompt
rescue of employees in the event of a
fall or shall assure that employees are
able to rescue themselves.

No Knots No Knives

Thought Process
• Self Rescue
– Climb or pull yourself to safety
• Assisted Self Rescue
– Suspension Trauma Safety Straps
– Ladders
• Mechanically Aided
– Lifts
• Rescue Pick-off (Almost Never)

Rescue following
Fall Arrest
Deployed Shock
Absorber
OSHA 1910.66 subpart F

section 1 (e)(8)
The employer shall provide
for prompt rescue of
employees in the event of
a fall or shall assure the
self-rescue capability of Rescuer
employees.
Casualty

Confined Space Rescue

Equipment Care
and Maintenance
OSHA 1926.502
(d) (21):
Personal fall arrest
systems shall be
inspected prior to
each use for wear,
damage and other
deterioration, and
defective
components shall
be removed from
service.

“Don’t Let
a Fall
Get You Down!”

Fall
Protection
Equipment
Inspection

Course Outline
•Legislation
•Standards
•Liability
•Definitions
•Full Body Harnesses
•Lanyards
•Snaphooks and Carabiners
•Tie-off Adaptors
•Anchorage Plates
•Self Retracting Lifelines
Legislation
• OSHA 1910.66 – General Industry
• OSHA 1926.502 – Construction

– Both Require:
– Inspection Prior to use
– Removal of equipment
following fall arrest

OSHA Definitions
Competent Person
One who is capable of identifying
existing and predictable hazards in the
surroundings or working conditions which are unsanitary,
hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has authorization
to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them.
Qualified Person
One who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, or
professional standing, or who by extensive knowledge, training and
experience, has successfully demonstrated his ability to solve or
resolve problems relating to the subject matter, the work, or the
project.
Authorized Person
A person approved or assigned by the employer to perform a specific
type of duty or duties or to be at a specific location or locations at
the jobsite.
Standards
ANSI A10.32-2004, requires:

• Inspection Prior to use;
• Inspection of equipment semi-annually by a
competent person;
• Removal of equipment following fall arrest
ANSI Z359.1-1992, requires:

• Inspection Prior to use;
• Inspection of equipment each year by a
competent person;
• Comply with manufacturer’s instructions

Harnesses
Key Components:
• Hardware
• Webbing
• Stitching
• Labels
• Recording and
Logging of
Inspection

Hardware
•Buckles
•D-rings
•Back Pad
•Keepers
Must Not Be: Damaged,

Broken, Distorted
Free from:
Sharp Edges, Burrs, Cracks
Worn Parts, Corrosion

Webbing / Stitching
Webbing: No Cuts*,
Frays, Broken Fibers,
Tears, Holes*
Abrasion, Mold,
Burns/Heat*,
Discoloration,
Decontamination

Webbing / Stitching
Stitching* – Not to be: Cut

Pulled, Broken, Indication of Loading
Load Indicators: Grommets, D-ring Pad,

Metal Keepers
Labels
Should be:
• Present
• Legible / Clean
Indicate:
• Date of Manufacture
• Serial No. / Model No.
• Standards
• Size
• Care, Donning, Use
• Warnings
• Inspection Log

Lanyards
Made from Polyester / Nylon / Kevlar
Cannot Have:
Knots, Cuts, Burns, Missing Labels,
Other Damage, Similar to Harnesses
and other Webbing
Damages Caused By:

Wet, Acids / Bases, Stretch,
Abrasion, Feel, Heat
Load Indicators: Thimbles

Deformed, Shock Absorbers, Stiff,
Length, Thread, and Tag

Snaphooks/Carabiners
• Ensure it operates
properly
• Look for Corrosion,

Deformation,
Markings, Dirt and
Grime
Load Indicators: Sticky,

Deformed, Difficult to
Open or Will Not Close

Tie-off Adaptors
Hardware
Webbing
Load Indicators: Broken Stitches, Stiff,

Worn or Excess Wear in One Spot.
D-Ring Anchor Plates
Also Inspect:
Welds, Bolts, Anchorage
Load Indicators:
Distorted, Cracks, Stiff

Self Retracting Lifelines
When to Inspect:
Prior to Use;
Monthly (Wire vs. Web);
Inspect:
Bolts, Housing, Retracting,
Labels, Corrosion, Wire or
Webbing, Locking
Load Indicators: Grommets,

Threads, Reserve Lifeline

Documentation
Equipment Care and Maintenance
Inspection Log Inspection Checklist
Microsoft Excel Microsoft Excel

Worksheet
Worksheet

Inspection Quiz
1. OSHA requires impacted fall protection equipment to be removed from TRUE

service
2. Fall Protection equipment should be inspected prior to use. TRUE
3. Most Manufacturer’s of mech. F.A. Equip. (SRLs) don’t require them to FALSE
be inspected annually by a competent person if inspected daily by the user.
4. Five or fewer ripped stitches on a F.B.H. is acceptable (can be used for FALSE
F.P.).
5. Shock Absorbing lanyards can be used if deployed eight (8) inches or FALSE
less.
6. Ripped stitches can be repaired by the end user. FALSE
7. Burns show up on webbing as a hole or hard brownish area. TRUE
8. The following indicates a full body harness should be rejected: b. , d., & e.
9. List three (3) things to inspect on an E.A. Lanyard: Hardware, Labels, Elongation, Web,
Stitching, Cleanliness, Indicator
10. List five (5) things to inspect on an SRL: Retraction, Housing, Reserve line, Indicator,
Snap, Locking, Lifeline, Fasteners, Labels
Demonstration &
Support
We can get a demonstration

Trailer/Truck anywhere!
Ask us Today!
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Training Services
In-House and On-Site Training

• Professional trainers/professional facilities
• Comprehensive training programs for
distributors and end users
• Training courses on a variety of fall
protection and rescue topics
• Customized capabilities/in-house and on-Site
Training Tools
Thinking About Fall Protection:

Booklet and video give an overview of
the fall protection basics that serve as
the foundation of an effective
fall protection program
Website:
An extensive site loaded with product
information, instruction manuals,
industry solutions, safety resources
and more
Fall Protection
Program
Administrator

OSHA Definitions
Competent Person
One who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards in the
surroundings or working conditions which are unsanitary, hazardous, or
dangerous to employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective
measures to eliminate them.
Qualified Person
One who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, or professional
standing, or who by extensive knowledge, training and experience, has
successfully demonstrated his ability to solve or resolve problems relating to
the subject matter, the work, or the project.
Authorized Person
A person approved or assigned by the employer to perform a specific type of
duty or duties or to be at a specific location or locations at the jobsite.

“Minimum Requirements for a Comprehensive
Managed Fall Protection Program”
• ANSI Z359.2 has a number of significant changes

specific to training
– Clearly defines new requirements for employers to have
a managed fall protection program
– Increases demand for Competent Person Trainers,
Competent Rescue Trainers, Program Administrators
– Must be a Competent Person Trainer to teach
– Requires documented refresher training
– Enhanced focus on Rescue training
– Requires substantially more hands-on skill demonstration
by students
Accessing Areas
of Height
Ladders
Mobile Work
Platforms Scaffolding

Mobile Work Platforms
– OSHA Subpart L – 1926.453
(a)(1)(i-v) - Include vehicles such as extendible

boom platforms, aerial ladders, articulating
boom platforms and vertical towers or any such
combination.
(b)(2)(ii) – Only authorized persons shall operate an

aerial lift.
(b)(2)(vi) – Employees shall always stand firmly on the floor of

the lift and shall not sit or climb on the edge of the basket or
use planks, ladders or other devices for a work position.
(b)(2)(v) – A belt (not for fall arrest), harness and lanyard shall
be used to attach to the boom or basket when working from the
lift.
Fixed Ladders
OSHA Subpart X, 1926.1053
(a)(6,18) – Fixed ladders shall be provided with

cages, wells, ladder safety devices, or self
retracting lifelines when 24’ above lower levels.
After 1991 shall have anti slip rungs.
(a)(19 –20) – When a cage is used it shall not
exceed 50 feet without offset sections and landings.
The cage shall be 27-30” deep and not less than
27” wide. The cage shall horizontal bands ever 4’
and vertical bands every 9.5”. The bottom of the
cage shall start 7-8’ above the lower level and
extend at least 42” above the top level.
(a)(22) – Ladder safety systems must withstand a 500 lb drop
of 18”. Shall move without holding the device. Shall activate
within 2’ and not have a connection longer than 9”. Shall have
rigid supports at the top and bottom and intermediates 25-40’
apart to prevent wind loading. Also see ANSI A14.3-1992
Portable Ladders
OSHA Subpart X, 1926.1053
(a)(1)(i-ii) - Each portable ladder must be able

to support 4 times the maximum intended load,
unless it is a extra heavy duty type 1A ladder
where it must support 3.3 times.
(a)(4)(ii) – The minimum width between side
rails shall be 11.5”.
(a)(12) – Wood ladders shall not be coated with any opaque

covering, except for identification or warning labels.
(b)(1-5) – The ladder must extend 3’ above the upper landing
surface. The ladder shall be positioned at ¼ out with reference
to the height.
(b) (20-22) – No objects that could cause a fall shall be carried
up the ladder. The worker shall face the ladder when climbing.
Scaffolds
OSHA Subpart L, 1926.451
(a)(1,3) – Scaffolds must be able to

support their own weight plus 4 times
the max. expected load.
(b)(1)(i) – There shall be no gaps greater

than 1” in the floor boards of scaffolds.
(c)(1) – If greater than 4:1 height to width

ratio, the scaffold must be tied off, guyed
or braced to prevent tipping.
(g)(1) – Fall protection is to be used

when working from a scaffold over a
height of 10 feet.

Suspended Scaffolds
OSHA Subpart L, 1926.451
(a)(1,3) – Suspension ropes shall be able to

support 6 times the expected load.
(d)(10) – ropes for suspension scaffolds

shall be inspected by a competent person
prior to each shift.
(g)(1) – During installation of suspended

scaffolding, fall protection shall follow
OSHA Subpart M (6 feet).
(b)(2) – Walkways are to be at least 18” wide.
(g)(3)(i) – anchors used to support fall arrest systems are to be

secure such as structural members and not standpipes, vents,
conduit, or counterweights.

Case Study

Case Study
Background:
Actually there was no
protection in place, and the
guardrail was erected
around the skylight that he
fell through after he fell to
cover up the accident.
Exercise:
List and explain as many
methods of fall protection
that could have been used
by this company, to have
prevented this terrible
accident.

Passive Site
Specific Systems
Personnel Nets –
1926.502(c)
Guardrails –1926.502(b)
Covers – 1926.502(i)

Personnel Nets
1926.502(c)
(c)(1) – Maximum 30’ below highest work area.
(c)(2) – Must be positioned as outlined below:

work area up to 5’ above net – net to be out 8’
work area 5-10’ above net – net to be out 10‘
work area 10+ feet above net – net to be out 13’
(c)(4)(i) – Net tested after – Install, relocation, repair and every 6 months.
(c)(4)(ii) – If not practical to test, must be certified by competent person.
(c)(7) – Max. size of opening no greater than 36in 2 or 6” along any side.
(c)(8) – Border rope to have min. 5,000 lb breaking strength.

Guardrails –
1926.502(b)
(b)(1) – Top rail must be 42” +/- 3” high, except

when stilts are used.
(b)(2) – Midrail 21” high, or can be mesh or screen.
(b)(2)(i) – Midrail must be midway between top rail and working surface.
(b)(2)(iv) – Max. opening 19” between any two rails.
(b)(3) – Top rail to support 200 lbs – without failure.
(b)(5) – Mid rail to support 150 lbs
(b)(9) – Min. ¼” diameter rails to prevent cuts and abrasions.

Covers –
1926.502(i)
(i)(1) – If vehicle traffic to travel over cover, then it shall be designed

to support at least twice the maximum axle weight of biggest vehicle.
(i)(2) – All other covers to support twice the max. weight of all
workers, equipment, or materials that could be on the cover.
(i)(3) – Installed in such a way to ensure that the wind can not lift
them or that they can not accidentally be displaced.
(i)(4) – color coded or marked with the words “HOLE” or “COVER”.

Falling Objects – 1926.502(j)
(In addition to wearing hard hats.)
(j)(1) – Toeboards, when used as falling

object protection, shall be erected along
the edge of the overhead walking/working
surface for a distance sufficient to protect employees below.
(j)(2,3) - Toeboards shall be capable of withstanding, without failure, a force

of at least 50 pounds and shall be a minimum of 3 1/2 inches high with no
greater than a ¼” gap.
(j)(6)(i) - No materials or equipment except masonry and mortar shall be

stored within 4 feet (1.2 m) of the working edge.
(j)(8) - Canopies, debris net, or catch platforms when used as falling object
protection, and shall be strong enough to prevent collapse or puncture.
Workers are required
to access the top of
the two filter tanks.
They are not very
high, but the tanks are
smooth and slippery.
In addition, any fall
would likely be onto
uneven piping or
against other obstacles
increasing the hazard
of even a shorter fall.

Engineer out the
Hazard?
Change of work
procedures
Retrofit equipment
to keep the worker
on the ground
Passive fall arrest

Active fall arrest
The picture shows
an A-frame
structure holding a
piping system that
extends to the Uni-
tank house. The
cleanout is done
from a stepladder
approximately 4’
from the edge of
the roof exposing
the worker to a
significant fall.

Engineer out the
Hazard?
Change of work
procedures
Retrofit equipment
to keep the worker
on the ground
Passive fall arrest

Active fall arrest
Active Work
Procedural Systems
• Fall Protection Plan

1926.502(k)
• Warning Lines
1926.502(f)
• Safety
Monitors
1926.502(h)
• Controlled Access
Zones 1926.502(g)

Fall Protection Plan
1926.502 (k)
(k)(1,5) - The fall protection plan shall be prepared by a qualified

person and implemented by a competent person.
(k)(5) - The fall protection plan shall document the reasons why
the use of conventional fall protection systems are infeasible or
why their use would create a greater hazard.
(k)(9) - The fall protection plan must include a statement which
provides the name of each employee who is designated to work in
controlled access zones. No other employees may enter
controlled access zones.
(k)(10) - In the event an employee falls, or some other related,
serious incident occurs, (e.g., a near miss) the employer shall
investigate the circumstances of the fall or other incident to
determine if the fall protection plan needs to be changed

Warning Lines 1926.502(f)
(f)(1) – Must be positioned on all sides of a roof work area.

(f)(1)(i) – If no mech. equip. in area, then installed at least 6’
from edge.
(f)(1)(ii) – If mech. equip. used on roof then warning line to be
positioned 6’ from edge when parallel to equip. and 10’ when
perpendicular.
(f)(I)(iii & iv) – Points of access to be marked with 2 lines and
have a barrier when access not used.
(f)(2)(i) – Made of rope, wire or chain and flagged every 6’
(f)(2)(ii & iii) – 34” – 39” high and able to support 16 lb.
(f)(2)(iv) - Min. breaking strength of line to be 500 lb.

Safety Monitor 1926.502(h)
(h)(1)(i) – Must be competent with identification of hazards.
(h)(1)(ii) – Duty is to warn workers of fall hazard.
(h)(1)(iii & iv) – Must be on same level and with in communication

range.
(h)(1)(v) – Must not have any other responsibilities.
(h)(2) – No mechanical equip. to be stored or used in area.
(h)(3) – Only employees who are actually doing work to be in

area.
(h)(4) – All workers must follow direction of Safety Monitor.

Controlled Access Zones
1926.502(g)
(g)(1) – Formed by a control line and used for leading edge

work.
(g)(1)(i-iii) – Control line marking out area to be 6’-25’

from edge, except in pre-cast concrete work, up to 60’, and
must span entire area.
(g)(2)(iv) – Only employees engaged in overhand

bricklaying or related work allowed in zone.
(g)(3)(i-iii) – Control Zone flagged every 6’ and erected 39-

45” high.

Case Study
Workers are required

to climb on top of
trucks (11’) to check
levels of sludge during
loading.
1. List a number of forms of fall protection that would reduce

the risk during this daily procedure.

Confined
Space
Rescue

Program Development
 Identification
 Design
 Implementation
 Maintenance

Program Development
Stage 1
 Identification
 Hazard Analysis
 Risk
Assessment

Hazard Assessment
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
DATE: ________________
Location: _______________________________________________________________
Area Supervisor: _________________________________________________________
1:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_2:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__
3:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_
4:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_
a:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_b:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__
5____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
a:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_
b:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_
c:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_
d:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_e.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__
6:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_
7:______________________
8:______________________ RISK ASSESSMENT
9:______________________ Issue Rating Value
10:_____________________ Height ___________
Time at Height ___________
Activity at Height ___________
Obstructions ___________
Frequency ___________
Total Rating ___________
Low Risk –> 4 - 8, Medium Risk 9 – 14, High
Hazard Assessment
Hazard Analysis
1. Locate areas where workers may be at height. Provide the area name
and any specific names or plant locations that directly relate to the at
height platform/work area?
2. What is the distance from the platform/work area to the next level
below?
3. Are there any obstructions (girders, railings, tool boxes etc) or

unusual risks (moving machinery, water, chemicals, sharp objects etc.)
below the work platform that could hurt the worker if they were to fall on
or in them.
Is it higher than 6’ (OSHA 1926.501 (b) (1)) or your locally (company or
legislative branch) required height for fall protection. If YES proceed to
question 5 If NO proceed to question

Hazard Assessment
Hazard Analysis
4 (a). Are there any obstructions (girders, railings, tool boxes etc) or
unusual risks (moving machinery, water, chemicals, sharp objects etc.)
below the work platform that could hurt the worker if they were to fall on
or in them. If YES proceed to question 5. If NO, then not required to deal
with hazard.
4 (b). Is there a slip or trip hazard? If YES, then this hazard should be
dealt with according to relevant regulations and company policies. If NO,
then not required to deal with hazard.
Is there a potential for the worker to fall during access to the

platform/work area? If YES proceed to question 5(a) and deal with the
access as a separate hazard. If NO proceed to question 6.

Hazard Assessment
Hazard Analysis
How does the worker access the work platform?
Ladder, if ladder answer 5(b)
Catwalk, if catwalk answer 5(c)
Access Hatch (doorway), if access hatch answer 5(d)
Other, please describe access method and then answer 5(e)
Is the height of the ladder over 24’?

If YES, does it have some form of fall protection already installed?
If yes, does it conform to relevant standards and legislation?
If no, access is identified as a fall protection hazard. Proceed to question 6
Hazard Assessment
Hazard Analysis
5c: Does the catwalk have guardrails or some form of fall protection to
eliminate/reduce the hazard.
If YES, no further fall protection is required, proceed to question 6 and continue dealing with the main hazard.
If NO, access is identified as a fall protection hazard. Proceed to question 6.
5d:How does the access hatch/door open to the work area (from the
floor level, ceiling level, straight to the work area. Is there fall
protection at the access area?
5e: Please explain how the work area is accessed. Is there fall
protection at the access area?

Hazard Assessment
You have identified that there is a hazard
Job Analysis
6. What do the workers do when at height?
7. How many workers will be in this location?
8. How often must the workers be at height? Daily; weekly; monthly;

quarterly; twice a year; yearly; only every few years; never.
9. How long are the workers at height?
10. Are the workers working from a permanent or temporary structure?

RATING THEHazard
RISK Assessment
ISSUE RATING
VALUE
Height
Height 0’ – 10’
1
Height 11’ – 20’
2
Height 21’ +
3
Time at height
0 – 5 minutes
1
6 – 30 minutes
2
31 + minutes
3
Activity at height
Light
© 2007 Duty (Inspection, light maintenance, opening hatches)
Capital Safety 1
RATING THE RISK
ISSUE RATING
Hazard Assessment VALUE
Obstructions
Clear landing area, no obstructions 1
Minor obstructions (guardrails, tool boxes, girders) 2
Unusual risks (sharp objects, chemicals, moving machinery) 3
Frequency
Never
0
Only every few years
1
Yearly
2
Twice a year
3
Quarterly
4
Monthly
5
Weekly
6
Hazard Assessment
HAZARD ASSESSMENT
DATE: ________________
Location: _______________________________________________________________
Area Supervisor: _________________________________________________________
1:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_2:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__
3:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_
4:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_
a:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_b:__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__
5____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
a:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_
b:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_
c:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_
d:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_e.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__
6:___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_
7:______________________
8:______________________ RISK ASSESSMENT
9:______________________ Issue Rating Value
10:_____________________ Height ___________
Time at Height ___________
Activity at Height ___________
Obstructions ___________
Frequency ___________
Total Rating ___________
Low Risk –> 4 - 8, Medium Risk 9 – 14, High
Risk Assessment

Hazard?
Case Study
Workers must mow lawns around a historical

Fort along the edges of a number of walls.
What questions should be asked to assess

the risk?
List the hazards.
Rate the risk.
High?
Medium?
Low?

Program Development
Stage 2
 Identification
 Solving the
specific hazards
 Design
 Filling the Need

Program Development
Stage 3
 Identification
 Setting up a fall
protection
 Design committee
 Approved equip.
 Implementation list
 The Purchase
 Consultants
 Installation
 Training

Training -OSHA Subpart
M1926.503
(a)(1) – The employer must provide a training

program for each employee who might be exposed
to fall hazards. The program shall enable each
employee to recognize the hazards of falling and
shall train each employee in the procedures to be followed in order
to minimize these hazards.
(a)(2)(ii) the employer shall ensure that each employee is trained by

a competent person in the correct procedures for erecting,
maintaining, disassembling, and inspecting the fall protection
systems to be used.
(b-c) Certification of training must be kept and refresher training

done when the workplace changes, new systems used, and/or the
worker does not display adequate knowledge of the fall protection
systems.
New ANSI Standard
• Refresher training is now required every year or two

depending on title. This is a significant change versus
previous standards and requires that all functions physically
demonstrate their designated competencies for fall
protection.
• There are new requirements for Competent and Authorized
Rescuers as well as rescue equipment requirements.
• And lastly, training must be conducted by a Competent or
Qualified Trainers. This will significantly increase the
demand to certify Competent or Qualified Trainers

Program Development
Stage 4
 Identification
 Refresher
Training
 Design
 Confirmation
 Implementation  Equipment
Recertification
 Care and Maint.
 Maintenance of Equipment
 Accident
Investigation

Accident / Incident / Near
Miss Investigation
Currently, no Federal standards for accident investigation.

(except for federal employees 1960.29)
However,
OSH Act of 1970 (General Duty Clause) requires that:

Each employer shall furnish to each of his employees employment
and a place of employment which are free from recognized hazards
that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical
harm to his employees.
If it is not required, why do it?
•To prevent further accidents

•Learn from mistakes
•Turn a reactive response into a proactive solution

Definitions
Accident – An undesired event that results in
personal injury or property damage
Incident – An unplanned, undesired event that

adversely affects completion of a task
Near Miss – Incidents where no property was

damaged and no personal injury sustained but
where, given a slight shift in time or position,
damage and / or injury easily could have
occurred

6 Key Investigative
Questions
Who? …
What? …
When? …
Where? …
How? …
Why? …
Ask these questions for all accidents, incidents, and

near misses, but it goes further… (see handout)

Root Cause
Root Cause – the ultimate causative factor which led to the

accident / incident or initiated a chain of events which led to
the accident / incident.
While investigating, avoid these traps:
• Blaming victims or others,

• He was “careless” or “needs to be more careful”
• Documenting opinions not facts
• Investigating only the accident – Investigate the job as well
A “Root Cause” should be determined, so that Proactive

Preventative Actions can take place.

“Don’t Let
a Fall
Get You Down!”

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Fall Protection

© 2007 Capital Safety

• I've carefully thought out all the

• I know what I’m doing, its what I've

© 2007 Capital Safety

© 2007 Capital Safety

© 2007 Capital Safety

Speed at Various Fall Distances

© 2007 Capital Safety

© 2007 Capital Safety

© 2007 Capital Safety

© 2007 Capital Safety

© 2007 Capital Safety

© 2007 Capital Safety

• 79,310 falls with reported injuries

© 2007 Capital Safety

• Fall’s to a lower level

© 2007 Capital Safety

2007 OSHA Violations

© 2007 Capital Safety

© 2007 Capital Safety

© 2007 Capital Safety

© 2007 Capital Safety

© 2007 Capital Safety

© 2007 Capital Safety

© 2007 Capital Safety

© 2007 Capital Safety

© 2007 Capital Safety

How much fall

© 2007 Capital Safety OSHA 1926.501(d)(16)(iii) & (iv)

“You need 12.5 ft of clearance

• 6.0 ft for Free Fall

OSHA 1926.501(d)(16)(iii) & (iv)

© 2007 Capital Safety

What if I don’t have 12.5 ft of

Deceleration SRL Example

© 2007 Capital Safety OSHA 1926.501(d)(16)(iii) & (iv)

This limit’s to a 4 ft drop Obstructions ?

© 2007 Capital Safety

© 2007 Capital Safety

© 2007 Capital Safety

Work Positioning Fall Restraint

© 2007 Capital Safety

© 2007 Capital Safety

© 2007 Capital Safety

© 2007 Capital Safety

•Slip harness over arms and

• Make certain all straps are

•Shoulder straps should be

• Grab leg straps and

• Pass excess strap through

• Leg straps should fit

© 2007 Capital Safety

• Attach chest strap

• Strap should be six inches

• Pass excess strap through

© 2007 Capital Safety

OSHA says…“ [1926.502(e)(5)]:

© 2007 Capital Safety

Must be double acting, auto locking (ANSI),

Want a smaller hook than the D-ring

© 2007 Capital Safety

© 2007 Capital Safety

OSHA 1926.502 (d) (5)