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Lec 2
 Evolution of the Internet 2

• The concept of a network connecting computers was under

development by both government and university researchers

looking for a better means to communicate and share research

 Evolution of the Internet 3

• TCP/IP was created to standardized the way networked system

communicate

• TCP/IP

 Used for electronically addressing & transmitting info over the internet
 Evolution of the Internet 4

• The Email was soon to follow as users were interested in

timely transmission and notification messages

 Evolution of the Internet 5

• FTP(File Transfer Protocol)

 Used for transferring files

• UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

 A communication protocol that it mainly used to establish
low-latency and loss-tolerating connections
 Growth of the network 6

• Initially, ARPANET connected four nodes

• As it grew more nodes were connected to ARPANET

• These networks consisted of a mixture of DOS-based & windows-

based

• later protocols were developed for trying a mix of computers &

networks together
 Growth of the network 7

• The first networking protocol used on the ARPANET was network

Control Program (NCP) in 1983 it was replaced by TCP/IP protocol

which became the most widely used network protocol

 Addressing Schemes 8

• TCP/IP ( Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol )

 A standard set of rules for electronically addressing & data transmitting
data over the internet
• TCP/IP includes an internet addressing scheme that allows users and
applications to identify a specific network or host with which to
communicate
 Addressing Schemes 9

• Internet addressing is down by an IP address

• A unique IP address identifies each device on a network

• It’s 32-bit addressing scheme to identify that devices on a

network, divided into four octets, of eight bits each
 URL 10

• Uniform Resource Locater

• Is needed to locate any resources on the web

• Has two main components

 http://www.apple.com

 Protocol identifier  http

 Resource name  www.apple.com

 The protocol identifier indicates the name of the protocol to be used to fetch resources
 Domain Name System (DNS) 11

• Computers communicates with each other using numbers as

addresses, the DNS was created for this

• It translates the names into an IP

Example
 www.eelu.edu.eg  196.219.3.89
 Names & Addresses 12

• Addresses
 Is how to reach an object and it has location semantics associated to it

 It’s an easy format easy to process by computers

• Name
 Doesn’t have any location semantics associated to it

 It’s in a format which is easier to understand/read/remember by people

 Web Browsers 13

• A software application for retrieving and displaying web pages and other
resources on the world wide web

• Each resource is identified by a URI(Uniform Resource Identifier) which is a

broader concept than URL  Uniform Resource Locator

• Information resources may contain hyperlink to other information resources

• Each link contains the URI of a resource to go to

 WWW Basics 14

• Web documents(pages) are formatted in a markup language

called HTML(Hyper Text Markup Language)
 A language that includes a set of tags attached to text, these tags describe
the relationship
 It supports links that allows the user to quickly move from one document to
another, even if they are stored in different computers
 WWW Basics 15

• A website is a collection of related web pages, once web browser

retrieves a web page, it passes it to the browser’s layout engine to

be transformed from HTML to an interactive document

How Web Browsing Works 16
 History of Web Browsers 17

• World Wide Web

 Was the first web browser

 Developed in 1990 using NeXT computer

 Later renamed nexus

 Was developed for neXTStep operating system, both a browser & an editor

 Used GUI with limited capabilities

 Couldn’t display web pages with embedded graphics but did allow the users to
connect to the internet
 History of Web Browsers 18

• MOSAIC
 Was developed in 1993 , it was the first commercially available & the world first
popular internet browser
 It incorporated the initial functionalities offered by nexus and embedded graphics
directly in web pages
 It was compatible with Microsoft windows macintosh & Unix X window system

 Was the first browser to display images inline with text

 Was described as the first graphical web browser

 History of Web Browsers 19

• MOSAIC

 It influenced Netscape navigator , which quickly became the world’s most

popular browser, accounting for 90% of all use at its peak

 History of Web Browsers 20

• Internet Explorer 1.0

 Was released by Microsoft to challenge the Netscape navigator. IN 1995
bill gates lunched internet explorer 2.0
 Bundled with Windows, internet Explorer 6.0 gained dominance in the web
browser market, internet explorer usage share peaked at over 95% by 2002
 History of Web Browsers 21

• Opera
 The first public version was released in 1996

 It’s a browser software which can be used on Windows , Linux , Android,

IOS & macOS operating systems
 In 1998 Opera software stated to develop a web browser for mobiles.

 Gaming devices such as Nintendo DS & Nintendo WII used it as their

browser
 History of Web Browsers 22

• Mozilla
 Was created in 1998 with release of Netscape browser suite source code

 In 1998 Netscape launched what was to become the Mozilla foundation to

produce a competitive browser using the open source software model
 Firefox 1.0 was released in 2004 and became a big success in less than a
year, it was download over 100 million times
 History of Web Browsers 23

• Apple’s Safari
 Had its first beta release in January 2003 as of April 2011, on desktop with
Mac OS x Panther, it has a dominant share of apple base web browsing
accounting for just over 7.15% of the entire browser market
 Is the default browser on apple’s devices

 A windows version was available from 2007 to 2012

 History of Web Browsers 24

• Google Chrome
 Was released in September 4 , 2008 when google was looking to create a better,
more modern browser
 The browser’s source code was made available the public via its open-source
counterpart, the chromium browser, and google pulled components from apple’s
web kit and Firefox to develop it
 Chrome’s take-up has increase d significantly year on year by doubling it’s usage
share from 7.7% to 15.5% by august 2011
 History of Web Browsers 25

• Vivaldi
 Was released on January 2025 Vivaldi

 It’s a pc browser with several unique features that provide users with quick
& safe surfing experience by removing ads and trackers
 It supports 53 languages

 Offers adaptable UI that adjust the colours of the tabs associated regions in
real-team to match websites’ colour
 History of Web Browsers 26

• Microsoft Edge
 On April 2015 Microsoft released Microsoft Edge as the official browser that represents a total
revolution with respect to the classic internet explorer
 It has a similar icon to internet explorer

 Chromium is its core

 allows you to surf the internet while also giving you access to services such as personalizing
and designing your home page, shopping while saving time and money, and being organized.
Collecting, organizing, sharing, and exporting online material to Word or Excel in an easy
manner.
 History of Web Browsers 27

• Brave
 Was released in January 2016

 Is a free web browser that removes advertisements & trackers from

website
 Runs on Windows, Mac OS, Linux, Android , and IOS

 Is a high speed and gets regular, reliable upgrades because it’s open source
& chromium-based