Digital Logic Design

Introduction
Fall 2022
 Analog Quantities
• Analog means being continuous or having continuous values
• Most natural quantities that we see are analog and vary
continuously.
• For example, earth’s movement around the sun is continuous or
“Analog”.
• Temperature is an “Analog” parameter. In making a cup of tea,
the temperature of the tea kettle increases gradually or
smoothly.
• Analog systems can generally handle higher power than digital
Temperature

systems. (°F)

100
95
90
85

80
75
70
Time of day
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
 Digital Quantities
• Digital quantities having a set of discrete values
• In Other words, digital parameters don’t have a “Continuous”
range. This means that, digital parameters change their values
by “Jumping” from one allowed value to another.
• As an example, the day of the month is a parameter that may
only assume one value out of a set of limited discrete values {1,
2, 3, …., 31}.
• Digital systems can process, store, and transmit data more
efficiently.
Digitization/Quantization of Analog Signals
• We can convert analog signals into a digital form in order to
allow for efficient transmission and processing
• To convert an Analog signal into a digital one, some loss of
accuracy is inevitable since digital systems can only
represent a finite discrete set of values
• The process of conversion is known as Digitization or
Quantization
Digitization/Quantization of Analog Signals
 Information Representation
• Each signal represents a digit in some Number System
• If the Decimal Number System is used, each signal should be
capable of representing one of 10 possible digits ( 0-to-9)
• If the Binary Number System is used, each signal should be
capable of representing only one of 2 possible digits ( 0 or 1)
• Digital computers, typically use low power supply voltages to
generate signals
• For example, for a power supply of 5 volts, signals may have any
voltage value between 0 and 5 volts
• Using a decimal number system would mean that each signal
should be capable of representing 10 possible digits ( 0-to-9)
 Information Representation
• Using a binary number system only 2 digits {0, 1} need to
be represented by a signal
 Analog and Digital Systems
• Many systems use a mix of analog and digital electronics.
• A typical CD player accepts digital data from the CD drive and
converts it to an analog signal for amplification.
• Music in digital form is stored on the compact disk. A laser
system picks up the digital data from the rotating disk and
transfers it to the digital-to-analog converter
• When the music was originally recorded on the CD, a process,
using an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) was used.
 Binary Digits and Logic Levels
• Digital electronics uses circuits that have two states, which are
represented by two different voltage levels called HIGH and
LOW. The voltages represent numbers in the binary system.
• In binary, a single number is called a bit (binary digit). A bit can
have the value of either a 0 or a 1, depending on if the voltage is
HIGH or LOW.
• Groups of bits (combinations of 1s and 0s), called codes, are
used to represent numbers, letters, symbols, instructions, and
anything else required in a given application.
 Digital Waveforms
• Digital waveforms change between the LOW and HIGH levels.
• A positive going pulse is one that goes from a normally LOW
logic level to a HIGH level and then back again. Digital
waveforms are made up of a series of pulses.

H IG H H IG H

R isin g o r F a llin g o r F a llin g o r R isin g o r

le a d in g e d g e tra ilin g ed g e le a d in g e d g e tra ilin g ed g e

LOW LOW
t0 t1 t0 t1

(a ) P o sitiv e – g o in g p u lse ( b ) N eg a tiv e – g o in g p u lse

 The Pulse
• The rising and falling edges of ideal pulse are assumed to
change in zero time (instantaneously).
• In practice, these transitions never occur instantaneously
• Actual pulses are not ideal but are described by the rise time,
fall time, amplitude, and other characteristics

Ideal pulse non ideal pulse

 Waveform Characteristics
• Waveforms can be classified as either periodic or nonperiodic.
• A periodic pulse waveform is one that repeats itself at a fixed
interval, called a period (T).
• The frequency ( f ) is the rate at which it repeats itself and is
measured in hertz (Hz).
• A nonperiodic pulse waveform does not repeat itself at fixed
intervals
1 1
f  T
T f
 Examples
• What is the time period of a repetitive wave if f = 3.2 GHz?
1 1
T   313 ps
f 3.2 GHz
• A portion of a periodic digital waveform is shown. The
measurements are in milliseconds. Determine the following:
(a) period (b) frequency (c) duty cycle

(a) T is measured from leading edge to leading edge, as indicated. T equals 10 ms.
 A Digital Waveform Carries Binary Information
• When the waveform is HIGH, a binary 1 is present; when the
waveform is LOW, a binary 0 is present. Each bit in a sequence
occupies a defined time interval called a bit time
• In digital systems, all waveforms are synchronized with a basic
timing waveform called the clock.
• The clock is a periodic waveform in which each interval
between pulses (the period) equals the time for one bit.
 Timing Diagrams
• A timing diagram is used to show the relationship between
two or more digital waveforms
 Data Transfer
• Data refers to groups of bits that convey some type of
information.
• Binary data are represented by digital waveforms
• Binary data are transferred in two ways: serial and parallel.
• In serial, bits are sent one bit at a time along a single line. To
transfer eight bits in series, it takes eight time intervals.
• In parallel, all the bits in a group are sent out on separate lines
at the same time. To transfer eight bits in parallel, it takes one
time interval
 Example (Data Transfer)
(a) Determine the total time required to serially transfer the eight
bits contained in waveform A of Figure. The left-most bit is the
first to be transferred. The 1 MHz clock is used as reference.
 Example (Data Transfer)
(b) What is the total time to transfer the same eight bits in parallel?

Solution:
 Basic Logic Functions
• Logic is field of human reasoning that tells you a certain
proposition is true if certain conditions are true.
• Many situations that we encounter in your daily life can be
expressed in the form of propositional or logic functions.
• Propositions can be classified as true or false.
 Basic Logic Functions
• Several propositions, when combined, form propositional, or
logic, functions.
• For example, the propositional statement “The light is on”
• It is true if “The bulb is not burned out” is true
and if “The switch is on” is true.
• Therefore, this logical statement can be made: The light is on
only if the bulb is not burned out and the switch is on.
• In this example the first statement is true only if the last two
statements are true.
 Basic Logic Functions
• The term logic is applied to digital circuits used to implement
logic functions.
• Several kinds of digital logic circuits are the basic elements that
form the building blocks for such complex digital systems as the
computer.
 Programmable Logic Devices
• Programmable logic devices can be programmed to perform
specified logic functions
• Programmable logic requires both hardware and software.
• Advantages of programmable logic:
– devices use much less board space
– designs can be readily changed without rewiring or replacing
components.
– Logic design can be implemented with less cost
• Many types of programmable logic are available, ranging from
small devices to complex devices.
 Fixed-Function Logic Devices
• Fixed-function logic and programmable logic are two broad
categories of digital ICs.
• In fixed-function logic devices, the logic functions are set by the
manufacturer and cannot be altered.
 Microcontroller vs Microprocessor
• Microcontroller is basically a special-purpose small computer.
Microcontrollers are generally used for embedded system
applications. An embedded system is a system that is designed
to perform dedicated functions within a larger system.
– Arduino, Digital Camera, Microwave oven, washing machines
etc

• Microprocessor, is a general-purpose computer, is designed to

perform a wide range of functions and applications
– Personal computer, Laptop, Raspberry Pi etc
 Test and Measurement Instruments
• The oscilloscope (scope for short) traces the graph of a
measured electrical signal
• The vertical axis of the display screen represents voltage, and
the horizontal axis represents time
• Amplitude, period, and frequency of a signal can be measured
using the oscilloscope
• Also, the pulse width, duty cycle, rise time, and fall time of a
pulse waveform can be determined
 Test and Measurement Instruments
• The logic analyzer is used when the logic levels of a large
number of signals need to be determined
• Many oscilloscopes have two or four input channels and Logic
analyzers are typically available with from 16 to 136 input
channels
• Generally, an oscilloscope is used either when amplitude,
frequency, and other timing parameters of a few signals at a
time
 Test and Measurement Instruments
• Signal Generators are also known as pulse generators and
function generators
• They are specifically designed to generate digital signals and to
produce the streams of 1s and 0s needed to test computer
buses, microprocessors and other digital systems
 Test and Measurement Instruments
• The Digital Multimeter (DMM) is a versatile instrument which
can make basic ac and dc voltage, current, and resistance
measurements.
• In addition to the basic measurements, most DMMs can also
test diodes and capacitors
• DMMs are used in digital circuits for testing continuity between
points in a circuit
 Test and Measurement Instruments
• The DC power supply converts AC power into regulated DC
voltage
• All digital circuits require dc voltage. Most logic circuits require
from 1.2 V to 5 V to operate.
• The power supply is used to power circuits during design,
development, and troubleshooting when in system power is not
available
 Quiz
1. Compared to analog systems, digital systems
a. are less prone to noise
b. can represent an infinite number of values
c. can handle much higher power
d. all of the above
2. The number of values that can be assigned to a bit are
a. one
b. two
c. three
d. ten
3. The time measurement between the 50% point on the leading edge
of a pulse to the 50% point on the trailing edge of the pulse is called
the
a. rise time
b. fall time
c. period
d. pulse width
 Quiz
4. The time measurement between the 90% point on the trailing edge
of a pulse to the 10% point on the trailing edge of the pulse is called
the
a. rise time
b. fall time
c. period
d. pulse width
5. The reciprocal of the frequency of a clock signal is the
a. rise time
b. fall time
c. period
d. pulse width
6. If the period of a clock signal is 500 ps, the frequency is
a. 20 MHz
b. 200 MHz
c. 2 GHz
d. 20 GHz
 Quiz
Answers:
1. a
2. b
3. d
4. b
5. c
6. c