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Data Communication
and Computer Networks
ITDR2107
Lecture0 3
Data and Signals
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Objectives
After Lecture 3, you should be able to
•Understand the Data & Signals.
•Discuss two types of signals Analog & Digital.
•Describe the representation of signal.
•Explain the signal transmission impairment.
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Data and Signals

• Data must be transformed to electromagnetic signals to
be transmitted. Data can be analog or Digital and signals
can be analog or Digital.
• Analog and Digital Data
• Analog and Digital Signals
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Analog and Digital data

• An Analog data refers to information that is continuous.
• Digital data refers to information that has discrete state.

• Analog clock VS Digital clock

• Human speech received by microphone

Analog and Digital Clocks

Transformation of Information to Signals
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Analog and digital signals

• Like the data, signals can be either analog or digital
• An analog signal has infinitely many levels of intensity
over a period of time.
• wave moves from value A to value B, it passes through
and includes an infinite number of values along its path
• A digital signal can have only a limited number of defined
values. Simple 1 or 0
Analog and Digital Signals
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Periodic and Nonperiodic Signals

• Both analog and digital signals can take one of two forms
1- periodic
2- nonperiodic

• Periodic signal completes a pattern within a measurable

time frame, called a period, and repeats that pattern over
subsequent identical periods
• cycle
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Periodic and Nonperiodic Signals

Cont..
• A nonperiodic (Aperiodic) signal changes without
exhibiting a pattern or cycle that repeats over time

• In data communications, we commonly use

1- periodic analog signals , why???

2- nonperiodic digital signals, why ???
Periodic Signals
Aperiodic Signals
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PERIODIC ANALOG SIGNALS

• Simple
• Composite – Several Components or parts

• Simple periodic analog signal, (sine wave)cannot be

decomposed into simpler signals

• A composite periodic analog signal is composed of

multiple sine waves
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Sine wave
• Most fundamental form of a periodic analog signal
• Determined by value and time

• Three parameters
1- Peak amplitude
2- Frequency
3- Phase
Sine Wave
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Peak amplitude

• The absolute value of the highest intensity, proportional to

the energy the signal carries. For electric signals, peak
amplitude is normally measured in volts
Amplitude Change
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Period and Frequency

• Period refers to the amount of time, in seconds, a signal
needs to complete 1 cycle
• Frequency refers to the number of periods in 1 Second.
Frequency Change
Time and Frequency Domain
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Phase
• Is the position of the waveform relative to time 0
• If we think of the wave as something that can be shifted
backward or forward along the time axis, phase describes
the amount of that shift. It indicates the status of the first
cycle

• Measured in degrees or radians

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Example
I. A sine wave with a phase of 0°
starts at time 0 with a zero
amplitude. The amplitude is
increasing.
II.2. A sine wave with a phase of
90° starts at time 0 with a peak
amplitude. The amplitude is
decreasing.

III.A sine wave with a phase of

180° starts at time 0 with a zero
amplitude. The amplitude is
decreasing
Phase Change
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TRANSMISSION IMPAIRMENT
• Signal at the beginning of the medium is not the same as
the signal at the end of the medium

• Three causes
• 1- Attenuation
• 2- Distortion
• 3- Noise
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Attenuation

• Loss of energy
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Distortion

• The signal changes its form or shape

Noise

• Thermal noise, induced noise, crosstalk, and impulse

noise

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DATA RATE LIMITS

• A very important consideration in data communications is
how fast we can send data, in bits per second. over a
channel.

• Factors:
• 1. The bandwidth available
• 2. The level of the signals we use
• 3. The quality of the channel (the level of noise)

• Calculated using Nyquist for a noiseless channel. Or

Shannon for a noisy channel
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Performance
• Bandwidth
• Network characteristic that measures network performance is bandwidth.
• Measured in hertz and bits per second
• Throughput
• is a measure of how fast we can actually send data through network.
• Latency (Delay)
• Defines how long it takes for an entire message to completely arrive at the
destination from the time the first bit is sent out from the source.
• Propagation Time
• measure time required for a bit to travel from the source to the destination.
• Transmission Time
• Transmission time of a message depends on the size of the message and
bandwidth of the channel
• Jitter
• Performance issue that is related to delay is jitter
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Summary
• Data must be transformed to electromagnetic signals to be
transmitted.
• Data can be analog or digital.
• Analog data are continuous and take continuous values.
• Digital data have discrete states and take discrete values.
• Signals can be analog or digital. Analog signals can have an
infinite number of values in a range; digital ,signals can have
only a limited number of values
• In data communications, we commonly use periodic analog
signals and nonperiodic digital signals
• Frequency and period are the inverse of each other
• Attenuation, distortion, and noise can impair a signal.
• Noise is the external energy that corrupts a signal
• Performance of network depends on various factors such as
bandwidth, throughput…etc
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Refrences
• Behrouz A. Forouzan, Data Communications and
Networking, 4th, McGraw Hill