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Chapter 8
Propositional Logic can’t say
• If X is married to Y, then Y is married to X.
• If X is west of Y, and Y is west of Z, then
X is west of Z.
• And a million other simple things.
• Fix:
– extend representation: add predicates
– Extend operator(resolution): add unification
Syntax
• See text for formal rules.
• All of propositional + quantifiers, predicates,
functions, and constants.
• Variables can take on values of constants or terms.
• Term = reference to object
• Variables not allowed to be predicates.
– E.G. What is the relationship between Bill and Hillary?
• Text Notation: variables lower case, constants upper
• Prolog Notation: variables are upper case, etc
Term
• A term with no variables is a ground term.
• Composite Objection: function of terms or
primitives
– Convenience: we don’t want to name all objects
– e.g. nounphrase(det(the),adj(tall),noun(tree)).
– E.g. leftLeg(John).
– Successor of 1 may be s(1), but we write 2.
– Successor of 2 s(s(1)), but we write 3.
Goldbach’s Conjecture
• For all n, if integer(n), even(n), greater(n,2)
then there exists p1, p2, integer(p1),
integer(p2), prime(p1),prime(p2), and
equals(n,sum(p1,p2)).
• Quantifiers: for all, there exists
• Predicates: integer, greater, prime, even,
equals.
• Constants: 2
• Functions: sum.
Semantics
• Validity = true in every model and every
interpretation.
• Interpretation = mapping of constants,
predicates, functions into objects, relations,
and functions.
• For Goldbach wrt to standard integer
model: interpretation = mapping n to an
even integer. (Context).
Representing World in FOL
• All kings are persons.
goes to?