SEJARAH PEMIKIRAN

PERBANKAN DI
EROPA
• Di saat umat Islam mengalami kemajuan di segala
aspek kehidupan dari mulai diutusnya nabi
Muhammad sampai abad ke 12 Masehi, maka
Bangsa Eropa malah mengalami kemunduran sejak
runtuhnya dinasti Romawi sampai abad ke 12 M.
• Masa ini disebut sebagai era kegelapan
• Perbankan muncul bersamaan dengan
perdagangan.
• Dari runtuhnya kerajaan Romawi sampai abad ke 12,Eropa (kecuali Italia
bagian selatan dan Spanyol)mengalami masa kegelapan (Dark ages)
dimulai dari runtuhnya kerajaan Romawi tahun 300 M sampai abad ke 13
Masehi.
• Kemudian Eropa dikuasai oleh Bangsa Barbar, pada masa ini perdagangan
menjadi sangat lesu. Pirenne mengatakan bahwa di Eropa barat hanya
ada pertanian. Namun bukan berarti tidak ada perniagaan sama sekali,
hanya saja sangat terbatas dikarenakan kondisi politik tidak stabil,
maraknya suap, buta huruf, transfortasi mahal, pajak yang berat, dan
keadaan yang tidak menentu.
• Sehingga dengan terbatasnya aktivitas perniagaan maka praktik
perbankan pun menjadi sangat terbatas.
• Homer : Masa ini disebut sebagai Dark ages karena punahnya budaya,
bahasa latin terlupakan, tahayul. Namun begitu, uang tetap terpakai
tetapi peredarannya berkurang seiring melemahnya perdagangan.
Sebab bangkitnya Eropa
• In Europe particularly Western Europe (Denmark,
France, Germany, Italy, Luxemburg, Switzerland,
Ireland and United Kingdom has seen a very steady
growth in Islamic banks and financial institutions.
These countries have fully operational Islamic
banks.
COUNTRIES WITH SHARIAH FINANCE IN
WESTERN EUROPE

• Denmark
Muslim Population - 226,000 (4.1%)
Banks
1. Denmark Islamic Bank International of Denmark
2. Faisal Finance (Denmark) A/S
PRANCIS
Muslim Population 4,155,000 (9%)
Banks
1. Algerian Saudi Leasing Holding Co. (Dallah Al Baraka Group)
Employees: 61,000
Sales: $12 billion (2005)
2. Societe General
Products - Retail, private, investment and corporate banking, insurance, investment
management
Revenue: €26.42 billion (2010)
Operating income: €5.713 billion (2010)
Profit: €3.917 billion (2010)
Total assets: €1.132 trillion (end 2010)
Total equity: €50.98 billion (end 2010)
Employees: 160,700 (average, 2010)
3. BNP Paribas
Products: Retail, corporate and investment banking;
asset management
 Revenue: €40.19 billion (2009)
• Operating income: €8.482 billion (2009)
• Profit: €5.832 billion (2009)
Total assets: €2.058 trillion (2009)
Employees: 201,740 (2009)
Western Countries
• United Kingdom (UK)
– There is an urgent need and a large demand for Islamic retail products
for the vastly under-served Muslim communities in non-Muslim
countries in the West
– There are 3 million Muslims in the UK
– Financial Services Authority (FSA) regulates Islamic banking in the UK
– Four main issues facing Islamic banks in the UK – calculation of capital,
accounting and disclosure standards, role of the Shari’ah board, and
liquidity management
– Islamic Bank of Britain (IBB) is the first stand-alone Islamic retail bank in
the UK
• Prior to IBB, Muslims relied on Middle Eastern banks with branches
in the UK
– British-based banks offering Islamic financial services include Lloyds TSB,
HSBC, Barclays Bank & ANZ Grindlays (London)
• Europe
– Muslim population in Europe (minus Turkey) estimated to be 13.8
million
– Financial institutions offering Islamic financial services in Europe
include,
• Bosnia Bank International (Bosnia)
• Islamic Bank International of Denmark Copenhagen (Denmark)
• BNP Paribas (France)
• Commerzbank and Deutsche Bank (Germany)
• ABN Amro (Holland)
• Samba Capital Management International (Luxembourg)
• Badr Bank (Russia)
• Dar Al Maal Al Islami Trust and Union Bank of Switzerland
(Switzerland)
• United States (US)
– Muslim population in the US estimated to range between 6-12
million
– Average per capita income of American Muslims higher than
national average (USD35,000 – USD45,000)
– General Council of Islamic Banks and Financial Institutions (GCIBFI)
educate regulators and Treasury officials on Islamic finance
– Among financial institutions in the US involved in Islamic finance are
Al Baraka Corp., Al Manzil Islamic Financial Services, Lariba Bank,
Goldman Sach’s Islamic banking subsidiary and the Muslim Credit
Union
– The Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (OCC), in addressing
the economic substance of contemporary Islamic banking products,
concluded that they are functionally equivalent to secured lending
and hence permissible under existing banking law
Referensi
• Wilson Rodney (1983) Banking and Finance in the
Arab Middle East