GROUP

6
 Describe the formation of
01. sea ice and iceberg
TABLE
OF
CONTENTS: Describe the formation of ice
accretion, the associated
02. dangers and the remedies.
FORMATION OF
SEA ICE
 how does sea ice form?
Sea ice forms when the ocean's surface temperature drops, typically in polar regions
during winter. As the air cools, it chills the water, causing ice crystals to form. These
tiny crystals, known as frazil ice, gradually bond together to create grease ice. Over
time, grease ice consolidates into pancake ice, which thickens as more layers of ice
accumulate. Eventually, pancake ice can merge into pack ice or sea ice, covering large
areas. This ice undergoes seasonal cycles, expanding in colder months and melting in
warmer periods, influenced by factors like air temperature and ocean currents.
frazil ice sheet ice
FORMATION OF
ice berg
 how does ice berg form?
Icebergs form when chunks of ice break off from glaciers or ice shelves, typically
occurring near the edges where the ice meets the ocean. This process, known as
calving, can happen due to various factors such as the melting of ice, the movement of
the glacier, or the effects of waves and weather. Once detached, these ice chunks,
often large and irregularly shaped, float in the ocean, becoming icebergs. The shape
and size of an iceberg can vary widely, with only about one-tenth of its mass visible
above the waterline.
FORMATION OF
ice accretion
how does ice accretion form?
Ice accretion forms when supercooled water droplets in the atmosphere freeze upon
contact with surfaces at or below freezing temperatures. This process occurs during
freezing rain or freezing drizzle events. Initially, a thin layer of ice forms upon
contact, and as more supercooled droplets freeze on top of it, the ice gradually
accumulates thickness. Depending on the prevailing conditions, ice accretion can
either continue to accumulate or melt if temperatures rise above freezing. This
phenomenon poses significant hazards, particularly in aviation, where ice buildup on
aircraft surfaces can disrupt airflow, compromising flight safety.
Ice accretion is a problem in two main
situations: on airplanes flying through
clouds with supercooled water droplets,
and on ships sailing through frigid seas.
danger to ships
On ships, ice accumulation can
increase weight by hundreds of tons,
raising the ship's center of gravity
and making it unstable, affecting
steering and potentially causing
equipment failure.
remedies:
Ships travelling in icy waters have special coatings that make it
harder for ice to adhere. They may also have systems that vibrate
critical areas to break off ice buildup. In extreme cases, ships may
need to change course to avoid areas with heavy freezing spray.
 danger to
aircraft
Ice accretion on aircraft surfaces like
antennas, propeller blades, and wings can
disrupt airflow, increase drag, decrease lift,
and affect instruments like altimeters and
airspeed indicators.
remedies:
De-icing fluid is sprayed on the wings before takeoff to prevent ice
from sticking. Planes are also equipped with anti-icing systems that
use heat to keep critical surfaces from freezing. Pilots are trained to
avoid areas with known icing conditions.
 THE
END...
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