Characteristics,

Processes and
Ethics of Research
Junilyn S. Zozobrado
 OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to
learn the following competencies:

1. describe the characteristics of research;

2. illustrate the processes of research; and
3. define ethics in research.
 Activity 1 (Fact or
Bluff)
Directions:
Read and analyze the following statements
carefully. Write FACT if you think the
statement is correct, and BLUFF if
incorrect. Write your answers in your
notebook.
 Activity 1 (Fact or
Bluff)
__________ 1. Research should be empirical.
__________ 2. Research should be subjective.
__________ 3. Research follows a system in
formulating its components.
__________ 4. Any unusual phenomenon
may happen and can turn into
a potential problem.
 Activity 1 (Fact or
Bluff)
__________ 5. The first step in writing a research
is identifying any problem.
__________ 6. Research can be done in just one
sitting.
__________ 7. The research process entails a
careful investigation leading to
the discovery of new ideas,
methods, or improvements.
 Activity 1 (Fact or
Bluff)
__________ 8. Conducting a research may be done
individually or collaboratively.
__________ 9. A researcher must always adhere to
the ethical codes and policies of
research.
__________ 10. Proper acknowledgment should
only be given to chosen authors
cited and sources used in research.
Activity 2 (Arrange
Me)
Directions:
Arrange the following jumbled letters to
form the different characteristics of
research. Place the correct letter in each
box. Write your answers in your
notebook.
Activity 2 (Arrange
Me)
Characteristics of
Research
(Cristobal & Cristobal, 2017)
1. Research should be systematic.
The researcher needs to carry out a series of
interrelated steps in conducting the study.
Such a procedure must follow a well-
planned, sequential, and organized
structure from beginning to end.
1. Research should be systematic.
The research paper is divided into macrosystem
and microsystem.
The former refers to different chapters labeled
with main headings, while the latter consists of
various elements detailing the contents of each
part.
2. Research should be objective.

The researcher needs to present information that

are purely based on truths. It should always be
anchored on the factual basis in which the research
work is founded, thus being free from any bias or
personal opinion.
3. Research should be feasible.

The researcher needs to consider the possibility and

practicality of conducting the proposed study. All
significant factors like time, budget, and access to
resources must be analyzed to determine if the research
can actually be done.
4. Research should be empirical.
The researcher needs to employ appropriate
methods, either quantitatively or qualitatively ,
to produce evidence-based
information. They can be drawn from concrete
experimentation, direct or indirect observation,
and verifiable experience.
5. Research should be clear.

The researcher needs to use

comprehensible language to
present information and convey
explanations throughout the
research process.
5. Research should be clear.

The factors to be manipulated, measured,

or described in the study, also known as
variables, must be clarified using
literature from published and
unpublished materials.
5. Research should be clear.

They should be explained well from

the introductory part of the
research paper to ensure a deeper
understanding of the study to be
conducted.
GROUPIE 1
Directions:
Examine the following research scenarios
and identify what characteristic of research
is disregarded. Then, suggest how can the
researcher improve his/her work. Write
your answers on your notebook.
GROUPIE 1
GROUPIE 1
GROUPIE 2
Directions:
Choose one among the five characteristics
of research and explain how you can apply
it in writing your own research. Express
your answer in at least five sentences.
GROUPIE 2
SELFIE
Directions:
Identify whether the following scenarios
show different characteristics of a good
research. Write ACCEPT if it does, and
REJECT if it does not. Write your
answers on your notebook.
SELFIE
SELFIE
Assignment!
Directions: Research about the
process of research.
 Thank YOU
for Listening!
 The
Research
Process
Research Process
is a systematic manner in which the
researcher approaches his/her area of study
to produce knowledge that the community
will consider to be worthwhile within the
field (Rao, 2017).
1. Define the research problem
To begin your research, you must look at a
significant real-life problem. Factors like area
of interest, availability of funds, the socio-economic
significance of the study, and the safety measures to
be undertaken should be considered in finding and
defining the research problem.
1. Define the research problem
Example:
The researcher identifies English language
proficiency as a problem of aspiring
maritime students in qualifying for
admission to prestigious maritime
institutions.
2. Review the literature
Read various publications or surf the internet to
become aware of the previous works are already
been done about the chosen topic. You may utilize
different resources like science books, magazines,
journals, newspapers, or even in the internet.
2. Review the literature
Example:
The researcher reviews previous
studies conducted about English
language proficiency and the
experienced difficulties by aspiring
maritime students.
3. Formulate hypothesis
A hypothesis is a theoretical statement in
solving a logical relationship between
variables. It should be based on the
problem being solved.
3. Formulate hypothesis
Example:
The researcher hypothesizes that the
implementation of the English-Only Policy (EOP)
in the classroom can improve the English
language proficiency of Pre-Baccalaureate
Maritime students.
4. Prepare the research design.

Identify what is the best means to

collect and analyze data in the study to
clarify and improve the research
problem, purpose, and questions.
4. Prepare the research design.

Example:
The researcher uses an experimental design
on exploring the experiences
of the students in implementing EOP.
5. Collect data.
Use an appropriate data
collection method to elicit the
needed information.
5. Collect data.
Example:
The researcher collects data
through interviews and focus
group discussions.
6. Analyze data
Utilize strategies and methods
that make sense of the data to
answer the research problem.
6. Analyze data
Example:
The researcher analyzes the data
by drawing patterns and themes
from the generated data.
7. Interpret and report the findings.

Put the information in perspective

and present the solution to the
proposed problem based on the
findings of the investigation.
7. Interpret and report the findings.

Example:
The researcher interprets and reports the
findings based on the collected and
analyzed data to solve the research
problem.
 Groupie 1
Directions: Arrange the following steps
to illustrate the research process. Use
one to seven (1-7) to indicate the correct
chronological order. Write your answers
on your notebook
Groupie 1
Selfie 1
Directions: Categorize the
following steps in which phase of
the research process they belong to.
Use the legend below.
Selfie 1
A – Conceptual Phase
B – Design and Planning Phase
C – Empirical Phase
D – Analytic Phase
E – Dissemination Phase
Selfie 1
Assignment!
Directions: Think of a topic that you’d
like to research. Then, compose a short
narrative essay describing the
chronological steps you will take in
conducting your study.
Ethics in
Research
Activity 1 (Puzzle
Me)
Directions: Search for the terms
in the word puzzle below by
using the given clues.
 Importance of
Ethics in Research
Resnik (2015), in his article, “What is Ethics in
Research & Why is it important?”, as cited by
Cristobal & Cristobal (2017), enumerates the
following reasons why it is important to follow
ethical principles in writing and
conducting research:
1. It promotes the aims of the
research.
Ethics guides the researchers in obtaining
knowledge, truth, and avoidance of error by
prohibiting fabrication, falsification and
misrepresentation of research data.
2. It upholds values that are
essential to collaborative
work.
Many researchers who are working in different
disciplines and institutions cooperate and coordinate
to accomplish particular research.
With ethics in mind, they also maintain trust,
accountability, mutual respect, and fairness.
3. It ensures that researchers
can be held accountable to the
public.
Ethical norms guarantee the public that
researchers are deemed responsible for
committing any form of research
misconduct.
4. It builds public support for
research.
People express and lend their support by all
means if they can trust the quality and
integrity of research.
5. It promotes a variety of
moral and social values.
Ethical principles help the researcher avoid
practices that can adversely harm the research
subjects and the community. Thus, it encourages
social responsibility, human rights, animal
welfare, compliance with the law, and public
health and safety.
Ethical Codes and
Policies for
Research
 Rights of
Research
Participants
 In every aspect of life, rights, and responsibilities are
both
inseparably linked to one another. This means that
the researcher and the participant have
necessary obligations to perform as a
prerequisite of their privileges in conducting
research. According to Trochim (2006), Smith (2003) and
Polit (2006), the following are some of the rights of research
participants, as cited by Cristobal & Cristobal (2017):
Groupie (Make it
Ethical)
Directions: Suggest appropriate ethical actions that
must be undertaken in order to correct the unethical
practices presented below. Consider the ethical
principles that must be followed in conducting
research.
Selfie 1
Directions: Complete the following
phrases by referring to the ethical
principles for research.
Selfie 2
Directions: Identify whether the
following actions follow the ethical
codes and policies for research. Write
GO if you think it is ethical, and
STOP if it is unethical.
Assignment!
Directions: Research the
difference between qualitative and
quantitative research design.
 Thank
YOU for
Listening!