JEREMIAH 29:11

Lesson 1: PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1

INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS RESEARCH? Research > It is defined as a purposive and scientific process
of analyzing, gathering, organizing, presenting and interpreting data.
Research is a systematic investigation for information.
It is a process of inquiring.
-Follows a step-by-step process (Beck & Polit, 2004)
- Plays an important role in tertiary education. The main purpose is to answer a
question or to solve an issue (Palispis, 2004) -Continuous undertaking of making known
the unknown. (Sanchez, 2002) The continuous undertaking of new information or
concepts. Widen one's outlook in life. -Investigation of following ordered steps leading to
new information or concepts (Sanchez, 1999) -Very careful investigation that contributes
additional or new knowledge and wisdom (Bassey, as cited in Coleman & Briggs, 2022)
Importance of Research 1.Gather relevant information -In the event that the
information you gathered was not aligned to your main topic, you can include it in the
discussion, as long as you still give emphasis to the main topic. 2.Improve quality of life
-Technologies that were invented underwent thorough research. (e.g. solar power, 3D
printing, artificial intelligence) 3.Understand History -Proper understanding of the past
4.Personal and Professional Development -Personal development: researchers read a
lot that contributes to their development -Professional development: updating
knowledge can increase the chances for promotion
Functions of Research:
●Research corrects perceptions.
●Research gathers information on subjects or phenomena we lack or have a little
knowledge about.
●Research also develops and evaluates concepts, practices, and theories.
●Research obtains knowledge for practical purposes like solving problems on
population, explosion, drug addiction juvenile delinquency and the like.
PROCESS OF CONDUCTING A RESEARCH
1.Defining Problem
2.Formulating Hypothesis
3.Reviewing Related Literature
4.Designing Research
5.Collecting and Analyzing Data
6.Reporting Results
Research Topics to be Avoided
1.Controversial topics 2.Highly technical subjects 3.Hard-to-investigate subjects 4.Too
broad subjects 5.Too narrow subjects 6.Vague subjects
LESSON 2: QUALITATIVE RESEARCH TYPES OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
1.Case Study -involves a long-time study of a person, group, organization or situation. -
usually takes place in the field of social care, nursing, psychology, education, etc
2.Ethnography -study of a particular cultural group to get a clear understanding of its
organizational set-up, internal operation and lifestyle.
3.Phenomenology -study of how people find their experiences meaningful.
4.Content and Discourse Analysis -requires an analysis of the substance or content of
the mode of communication used by a person, group or organization.
5.Historical Analysis -examination of primary documents to make you understand the
connection of past events to the present time.
6.Grounded Theory -takes place when you discover a new theory to underlie your study
at the time of data collection and analysis.
ETHICS FOR RESEARCH
1.INFORMED CONSENT -The participants must be fully informed about the nature of
research, its purposes and potential risk and benefits.
2.BENEFICENCE AND NONMALEFICENCE -means, “to do good” and “to do no harm”
to study participants.
3.RESPECT FOR HUMAN DIGNITY -The rights of the study participants must be well
protected and respected.
4.JUSTICE AND FAIRNESS -Study participants deserve fair and equitable treatment
before, during and after the study period.
5.INTELLECTUAL HONESTY AND RESPECT -Giving acknowledgment/ recognition or
due respect to the original/previous work of art.
ETHICAL CODES AND POLICIES FOR RESEARCH 1.Honesty 2.Objectivity 3.Integrity
4.Care 5.Openness 6.Respect for intellectual property 7.Confidentiality 8.Responsible
Publication 9.Responsible Mentoring 10. Respect for Colleagues 11. Social
Responsibility 12. Non-discrimination 13. Competence 14. Legality

RIGHTS OF RESEARCH PAPER

Voluntary Participation
Informed Consent
Risk of Harm
Characteristics of Research 1.Empirical - observation 2.Logical - rational manner
3.Cyclical - process 4.Analytical - facts 5.Critical - questions 6.Methodical - procedure
7.Replicability - consistent results
The Scientific Method of research 1.Observation 2.Identifying the problem
3.Formulating hypothesis 4.Experimentation or Data gathering 5.Data analysis 6.Making
conclusion
Lesson 3 Based on types of Data Needed
a. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH - requires non-numerical data. Uses words rather than
numbers.
b. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH - involves measurements of data. Presents research
findings referring to the numbers of frequency of something in numerical form.
Lesson 4. Characteristics of Quantitative Research

1.The data is usually gathered using structured research instruments. 2.The results are
based on larger sample sizes that are representative of the population. 3.The research
study can usually be replicated or repeated, given its high reliability. 4.Researcher has a
clearly defined research question to which objective answers are sought. 5.All aspects
of the study are carefully designed before data is collected. 6.Data in the form of
numbers and statistics, often arranged in tables, charts, figures, or other non- textual
forms. 7.Project can be used to generalize concepts more widely, predict future results,
or investigate causal relationships. 8.Researcher uses tools, such as questionnaires or
computer software, to collect numerical data.
Importance of Quantitative Research 1.More reliable and objective 2.Can use statistics
to generalize a finding 3.Often reduces and restructures a complex problem to a limited
number of variables 4.Looks at relationships between variables and can establish cause
and effect in highly controlled circumstances 5.Test theories and hypothesis 6.Assumes
sample is representative of the population 7.Subjectivity of researcher in methodology is
recognized less 8.Less detailed than qualitative data and may miss a desired response
from the participant

Lesson 5. Research problem > It is an issue or concern that an investigator presents

and justifies in a research study. > A problem involves areas of concerns to researchers,
for condition they want to improve, difficulties they want to eliminate, questions for which
they want to seek answers.

Research Problem-is a statement about an area of concern, a condition to be

improved, a difficulty to be eliminated, or a troubling question that exists in scholarly
literature, in theory, or in practice that points to the need for meaningful understanding
and deliberate investigation.
Key takeaways:
A statement of the problem is used in research work as a claim that outlines the
problem addressed by a study.
A good research problem should address an existing gap in knowledge in the
field and lead to further research.
To write a persuasive problem statement, you need to describe (a) the ideal, (b),
the reality, and (c) the consequences.
Qualitative research questions often contain words like lived experience,
personal experience, understanding, meaning, and stories.
Qualitative research questions can change and evolve as the researcher
conducts the study.
Qualitative research questions have one final feature that distinguishes them
from quantitative research questions. They can change over the course of a study.
Qualitative research is a reflexive process, one in which the researcher adapts their
approach based on what participants say and do. The researcher must constantly
evaluate whether their question is important and relevant to the participants. As the
researcher gains information from participants, it is normal for the focus of the inquiry to
shift.

Lesson 6 and 7
Scope-pertains to the coverage or considered variables, concepts, respondents,
the setting, context, intended output, purposes, the instrument
.
Limitation/Delimitation-refers to the extent of those variables that were not
able to be considered in the study due to some reasons or unavoidable
circumstances or time and resource constraints
Significance of the Study-This part contains the considered beneficiaries of the study,
who in one way or another may benefit from the study
Lesson 8: THE REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Related Literature > Gives the researcher a complete understanding of what is known
about a given topic. > It provides him with many ideas about ways the researcher can
design and carry out the research more effectively. Related Studies > Studies, inquiries
or investigations already conducted to which the present proposed study is related or
has some bearing or similarity. > They are usually unpublished materials such as
manuscripts, thesis and dissertations.
• Related literature and studies can be classified as (1) Local, if the inquiry was
conducted and printed in the Philippines, (2) Foreign, if conducted and printed in foreign
lands.
Purposes of RRL ●To obtain knowledge of your research ●To relate your study to the
current condition or situation of the world ●To show the capacity of your research work
to introduce new knowledge ●To expand, prove, or disprove the findings of previous
research studies ●To increase your understanding of the underlying theories, principles,
or concepts of your research ●To explain technical terms involved in your research
study.
APA (American Psychological Association) Style is widely used in the social sciences,
business, and some of the life sciences.
●To highlight the significance of your work with the kind of evidence it gathered to
support the conclusion of your research ●T avoid repeating previous studies ●To
recommend the necessity of further research on a certain topic
Types of Sources
Primary Source ●Articles or reports written by those who actually conducted the
research or the literature itself such as research journals that are published monthly,
quarterly or yearly.
Secondary Source ●Reports of a person who relates the testimony of an actual witness
or participants. Simply, it is a publication where authors cite the works of others such as
books, reviews, yearbooks and encyclopedia.
Tertiary Source ●Those compiled from or based on secondary source material such as
thesis and dissertations
Parts of Literature Review Introduction ●Briefly describes the nature of the research
problem and explain the researcher's thoughts on what led the researcher study the
topic. Body ●Shares the ideas of other researchers and experts about the problem.
Summary/Synthesis ●Points out similar results and conflicting findings. It ties together
the major findings of the studies reviewed. It presents a general picture of the problem
to date. Conclusion ●Presents the course of action suggested by the literature.
Standard Styles in RRL, Citation, & References Acknowledgement
●The beginning portion of the work that identifies individuals who have contributed
something for the production of the paper
References or Bibliography ●A complete list of all reading materials, including books,
journals, periodicals, etc. from where the borrowed ideas came from. Citation or In-text
●References within the main body of the text, specifically in Review of Related
Literature The third one, citation, is the focus of this lesson. Citation, also called in-text
citation, has many purposes and style, which are as follows: Patterns in Citations Styles
of In-text Citation Integral Citation ●This is one way of citing or referring to the author
whose ideas appear in your work. You do this by using active verbs like claim, assert,
state, etc. to report the author's ideas. Using these types of verbs somehow expresses
the author's mental position, attitude, stand, or opinion in relation to the information
referred to. This is the reason integral citation is often used in social sciences or any
subjects belonging to the soft sciences. Non-integral Citation ●In contrast to integral
citation that reflects the author's personal inclinations to a certain extent, this second
citation style downplays any strength of the writer's personal characteristics. The stress
is given to the piece of information rather than to the owner of the ideas. Meta-analysis
●Kind of review of related literature in which you re-examine and combine the results of
two or more statistical studies for coming out with a grand total to indicate stronger
effects of the research outcome. Ethical Standards in Writing RRL & RRS
> Ethical issues, conflicting values, and ambiguity in decision-making, are recurrently
emerging from literature. Review on research. This is to avoid plagiarism. > Plagiarism
is an act of quoting or copying the exact words of the writer and passing the quoted
words off as your own words. > In order to avoid plagiarizing, citing the source is the
answer. It is not only helpful in making the paper appear scientific and valid but also
shows the readers that the writer had read sources and has done research in order to
support the premise he or she is espousing. > If you want these words to appear in your
paper, you must reveal the name of the author in your paper, including the pieces of
information (title, date, place of publication, publisher, etc.) about the book from where
you copied the words.