GRADE 11

PRACTICAL
RESEARCH 1
Ma’am Andrea Malang
INTRODUCTION
Nowadays society has many forms of
problems that require solutions. These
solutions must be based on facts, valid
investigations, and experiences and not just
on mere beliefs and suggestions. Indeed, to
attain such knowledge and accuracy, a
systematic procedure and well-planned
research are required.
 Research is a process of inquiring about the
solution to the problem, collecting data, and
logically evaluating information. To develop
good research, one must investigate reliable
information.
In this lesson, you will conduct research with a
vision to seek information and solutions to a
problem. You will look for an in-depth
evaluation of everything that is needed in the
research.
 Research is a process of executing various
mental acts for discovering and examining facts
and information to prove the accuracy or
truthfulness of claims or conclusions, requires to
ask, inquire, investigate about chosen research
topic, a way of discovering new knowledge,
applying knowledge in various ways as well as
seeing relationships of ideas, events and
situations, and requires to work logically or
systematically and collaboratively with others.
Characteristics
of Research
Characteristics 1. Accuracy – correctness
of Research of data/information.
Characteristics 2. Objectiveness –
of Research specificity of data to be
studied.
Characteristics 3. Timeliness – date /time
of Research when the research took
place.
Characteristics 4. Relevance– importance
of Research of the study for a
particular period or time.
Characteristics 5. Clarity– correct
of Research understanding of the topic
or issue.
Characteristics 6. Systematic– a step by
of Research step/organized process to
do the task.
Research
Ethics
 RESEARCH ETHICS
Research Ethics at the core of a research
undertaking lie ethical considerations .One of the
very important considerations of qualitative
research is ensuring that the informants are not
harmed in any way possible. This is known as
the ethics of non - maleficence -Researchers
ought to be aware of the direct and indirect
consequences of the study particularly on the
participants .
1. SCIENTIFIC SOUNDNESS
Once crucial consideration in conducting a
qualitative research.
The extent of tangible benefits that the
investigation could produce.
Objectives can be so hard to achieve when the
researcher does not possess sufficient background
and skills required.
An inexperience person in research is usually
advised to seek clear guidance and constant
supervision from experts
2. CONSENT
Seeking informed consent as a voluntary agreement
of the participants to be involved in the study is
prerequisite for almost all types of research.
Before the research starts, an informed consent
should be obtained from each participant.
Used if the approval from adult participants is
sought while informed assent is sought from
participants who have not yet reached the legal age
or very young to give consent but old enough to
understand the risks and benefits.
3. INFORMANT VALIDATION
A validation of qualitative data
should be done with the participants
Remember that it is so unethical to
report a particular statement which
is not actually expressed by any of
the research informants.
4. CONFIDENTIALITY

Retaining anonymity than

revealing full identification
of the participants should be
dealt with utmost care .
5. EXPLOITATION
Being exploited in the conduct of research
is usually attributed to the research
participants. This happens when the
researcher gets along with them just to gain
favor. Though it is always understandable
that the researcher should satisfy his
intellectual and emotional responsibility to
the participants being studied.
6. MISREPRESENTATION

Participants’ narratives as
presented in the research report
should be an assured statements
that would seem faulty to largely
provoke mistrust on the part of
the informants
7. IDENTIFICATION OF THE PARTICIPANT BY SELF OR OTHERS

Researcher must mind the method

of anonymizing the identity of the
participants whether the concerned
are willing to divulge their identity or
not, the researcher should
responsibly handle the data with
maximum care.
 Research is a process of executing
various mental acts for discovering
and examining facts and information
to prove the accuracy or truthfulness
of claims or conclusion. It requires to
work logically or systematically and
collaboratively with others.
There are two major type of Research:

1. Qualitative Research – is a
research type that puts premium
or high value on people’s thinking
or point of view conditioned by
their personal traits.
2. Quantitative Research - systematic
investigation of phenomena by gathering
quantifiable data and performing statistical,
mathematical, or computational techniques. It
collects information from existing and potential
customers using sampling methods and sending
out online surveys, online polls, questionnaires,
etc., the results of which can be depicted in the
form of numerical. After careful understanding of
these numbers to predict the future of a product
or service and make changes accordingly.
 A topic is researchable if the
knowledge and information about it
are supported by evidence that is
observable, factual and logical.
 Qualitative variables are not
ordered on a numerical scale in
statistics so they are assigned nominal
scales. A nominal scale is a scale
where no ordering is possible or
implied. It describes data that fits into
categories.
 Types of
Qualitative
Research
1. Case Study
- tries to bring together all aspects
and information about the unit under
study, contributing to explaining or
describing something. This could be
a country or a company.
1. Case Study
Example:

“Exploring the Educational Journey of

a Gifted Student: A Case Study of
Academic and Social Experiences”
2. Ethnography
- is one that allows the researcher
to embed himself or herself in the
natural setting of the subject he or
she tries to study
2. Ethnography

Example:
“Cultural Identity and Adaptation: An
Ethnographic Study of Immigrant
Communities in Urban Settings”
3. Phenomenology
- this studies phenomena, or
manifestations of things. It studies
a particular phenomenon, in its
many angles and facets, adding to
knowledge about the phenomenon.
 3. Phenomenology

Example:
“The Essence of Caregiving: A Phenomenological
Exploration of the Lived Experiences of
Family Caregivers”
4. Content Discourse Analysis
- provides for a close reading of such
articles. It allows the examination of how
words, figures, pictures, and texts deliver
meaning, and offer explications of
cultures. Content analysis yields codes
and categories, upon being subject to
rigorous analysis.
4. Content Discourse Analysis

Example:
“Framing Climate Change: A Content Discourse
Analysis of Environmental Reporting in
National Newspapers”
5. Historical Analysis

- enables to explore and explain

the meanings, phases and
characteristics of a phenomenon
or process at a particular point of
time in the past.
5. Historical Analysis

Example:
“Unveiling Forgotten Voices: A Historical
Analysis of Women’s Participation
in Political Movements during
the 20th Century”
6. Grounded Theory
- This approach derives theory from
the data collected through research.
The theory is grounded in the data.
For instance, your data would allow
you to code and classify it, leading to
the development of theory.
6. Grounded Theory

Example:
“Navigating Uncertainty: A Grounded
Theory Study on Coping Strategies
Developed by Cancer Survivors”
Guidelines in
Formulating
Research
Questions
Research Problem
~ is a situation that needs a
solution, improvement ,
alternation, or a discrepancy
between what is and what is
ought to be.
Research Question
~ is an explicit query about a
problem or issue that can be
challenged, examined, and analyzed
and will yield useful new
information.
 Guidelines in Formulating
Research Questions

1. Establish a clear relation between the

research questions and the problem or
topic.
 Guidelines in Formulating
Research Questions

2. Review of Related Literature (RRL)

would be the basis of research questions.
 Guidelines in Formulating
Research Questions

3. Formulate research questions that can

arouse curiosity and surprise with the
discoveries or findings.
 Guidelines in Formulating
Research Questions

4. State the research questions with all dependent

and independent variables referred to by theories,
principles, or concepts underlying the topic.
 Guidelines in Formulating
Research Questions

5. The set of research questions or sub-

problems be preceded by one question
expressing the main problem of the research.
 Guidelines in Formulating
Research Questions

6. Formulation of research question will be

based on the SMART (specific, measurable,
attainable, realistic and time-bound).
 A good research question is
essential to guide the research
paper, project or thesis. It pinpoints
exactly what the researcher wants
to find out and gives the work a
clear focus and purpose.
 The most common types of
research questions:

1. It addresses a problem relevant to your

field or discipline (track and strand).
2. It contributes to a topical social or
academic debate.
3. It has not already been answered.
 The most common types of
research questions:

1. It addresses a problem relevant to your

field or discipline (track and strand).
2. It contributes to a topical social or
academic debate.
3. It has not already been answered.
 Scope and
Delimitations
Scope and delimitations are
two elements of a research
paper or thesis.
Scope
The scope of a study explains the
extent to which the research area will
be explored in the work and specifies
the parameters within which the study
will be operating. It would have to be
narrowed down to a certain section of
the target population.
Scope
Example: the scope might be narrowed
down to a group of 50 students in
grades 11 of one specific school. Their
behavior patterns in school may have
been observed for a duration of 6
months.
Delimitations
Delimitations are the characteristics
that limit the scope and describe the
boundaries of the study, such as the
sample size, geographical location or
setting in which the study takes place,
population traits, etc.
 Delimitations are choices made
by the researcher which should be
mentioned. They describe the
boundaries that you have set for the
study.
 Limitations are influences that the
researcher cannot control. They are the
shortcomings, conditions, or influences
that cannot be controlled by the researcher
that place restrictions on your
methodology and conclusions. Any
limitations that might influence the results
should be mentioned.
 Beneficiaries are those who are
likely to be interested in or to benefit
from the proposed research. List any
beneficiaries from the research and
give details of how the results of the
proposed research would be
disseminated.
 Review of
Related
Literature
and Studies
 A review of related
literature is an analysis of
man’s written or spoken
knowledge of the world.
Styles and Approaches of Review of Related Literature

1. Traditional Review of Literature

It is to summarize present forms
of knowledge on a specific subject
and to give an expanded or new
understanding of an existing work.
Styles and Approaches of Review of Related Literature

2. Systematic Review of Literature

It is a bias-free style that involves
sequential acts of a review or
related literature and obtains data
from written works.
The Structure of the Related Review of Literature

A. The structure of summary of

traditional review resembles that of an
essay where series of united sentences
presents the related review of literature
results.
B. The structure of systematic review is
based on the research questions.
These are the stages to be considered:
1. Search for the literature
- This is the stage of the review of related
literature where a researcher devote much
time in looking for sources of knowledge,
data or information to answer the
research questions or to support the
assumptions about the research topic.
These are the stages to be considered:
2. Reading the source of materials
- Reading or making sense of source
materials permits a researcher to
modify, construct or reconstruct ideas
based on a certain principle, theory,
pattern, method or theme underlying the
research.
These are the stages to be considered:
3. Writing the review
- Writing the review would be based on focus,
theme or theory underlying the research.
Researchers have the freedom to fuse their
opinions with the author’s ideas. Good
literature review writing rejects presenting
ideas in serial abstracts, which means every
paragraphs merely consists of one circle.
Variable
It is defined as anything that has a
quantity or quality that varies. The
dependent variable is the variable a
researcher is interested in. An
independent variable is a variable
believed to affect the dependent
variable.
 Dependent Variable
The variable that depends on other
factors that are measured. These
variables are expected to change as a
result of an experimental manipulation
of the independent variable or
variables. It is the presumed effect.
 Independent Variable
The variable that is stable and
unaffected by the other variables you
are trying to measure. It refers to the
condition of an experiment that is
systematically manipulated by the
investigator. It is the presumed cause.
Styles in
Citation
 Expressing appreciation for the
recognition of people’s ownership of
borrowed ideas is to be considered in
the synthesis of information like:
A. Acknowledgment
B. References/Bibliography
C. Citation or In-Text citation
1. Integral Citation - one way of citing
or referring to the author whose ideas
appear in the work -Expresses the
author’s mental position, attitude,
stand or opinion in relation to the
information referred to.
2. Non Integral Citation - downplays
any strength of the writer’s personal
characteristics. The stress is given to
the piece of information rather than to
the owner of the ideas.
Citation is important to avoid
plagiarism.
Plagiarism is an act of quoting or
copying the exacts of the writer
and passing the quoted words off
as a personal words
Structure
of the
Literature
Review
 1. CHRONOLOGICAL

The simplest approach is to trace the

development of the topic over time. This is a
simple listing and summarizing sources in
order. It is trying to analyze patterns, turning
points and key debates that have shaped the
direction of the field. Give your interpretation of
how and why certain developments occurred.
 2. THEMATIC

This is recurring central themes,

organizing literature review into
subsections that address different
aspects of the topic.
 3. METHODOLOGICAL

This is drawing sources from

different disciplines or fields that
use a variety of research methods.
It is comparing the results and
conclusions that emerge from
different approaches.
 4. THEORETICAL

A literature review is often the foundation for

a theoretical framework. It is used to discuss
various theories, models, and definitions of key
concepts. It might argue for the relevance of a
specific theoretical approach, or combine
various theoretical concepts to create a
framework for the research.
Parts of a
Literature
Review
Introduction
The introduction should
clearly establish the focus
and purpose of the literature
review.
Body
It depends on the length of the
literature review. The body might be
divided into subsections. There
should be subheading for each
theme, time period, or
methodological approach.
Conclusion
This is to summarize the
key findings taken from the
literature and emphasize
their significance.
THANK YOU!