The production

of CPUs by Intel

Aleksios Gora, Arber Xhepaliu, Noel

Prof. Dr. Sokol Abazi
Taho

, Paulin Prifti May 3, 2024

Faculty of Engieering, Canadian Institute

of Technology
Five key components
of CPUs production
Instruction Equipment &
set architecture software

Chip design Packaging

Fabrication
 The Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)
of Intel CPUs
Intel CPUs have SIMD
extensions like SSE and
AVX for parallel processing
data tasks
"Intel improves
CPU microarchitecture
for better performance
and power efficiency"
"Intel's ISA ensures backward
compatibility for old software
and forward compatibility
for new features.
"Intel CPUs have specialized
hardware accelerators
for cryptography, compression,
and vector processing
to maximize performance
Intel uses many optimization "Intel CPUs use advanced
strategies to enhance scheduling to optimize
ISA performance on modern instruction execution.
CPUs
Intel CPU ISA: defines
capabilities, evolves
for demand, balances
compatibility with innovation,
drives performance and shapes
Title: The Instruction Set Architecture
(ISA) of Intel CPUs
ISA is the foundation of CPU
design, defining
the instructions a processor
can execute. Intel continually
evolves its ISA to meet
modern computing demands.
This paper explores the ISA
in Intel CPUs, tracing
its evolution, features,
Variable-length instruction
encoding: Intel CPUs support
variable-length instructions,
allowing for efficient encoding
of both simple and complex
operations
Evolution of Intel's ISA:
The lineage of Intel's ISA can
be traced back to the
groundbreaking Intel 8086
processor, which introduced
the x86 architecture in 1978.
Over the decades, subsequent …
Register-based architecture:
Intel CPUs employ
a register-based architecture,
with a set of general-purpose
and specialized registers
for storing data, addresses,
and status flags
Intel's ISA: Rich instruction
set, diverse operations
(arithmetic, logic, data
movement, control flow), x86
architecture known
for versatility and legacy
software compatibility.
Key features: versatile,
complex operations, legacy
Addressing modes: Intel CPUs
support various addressing
modes, enabling flexible
access to memory operands,
including direct, indirect,
indexed, and base-relative
addressing
 The choice
of semiconductor
materials is the first step
in the construction … Layering: During the fabrication
process, the wafer is divided into
several layers, each of which
Wafer Production: represents a distinct component of the …
Big silicon crystals, often
called ingots, are cut into
thin wafers that are used … Metallization: the process of adding
metal layers to a wafer in order
to create interconnects that connect
Photolithography is transistors and other components, …
an important process

Fabrication
used in the production
of Intel CPUs. Using … Testing and Quality Control: Following
manufacture, the wafers go through
a rigorous testing process to make sure
Doping: Doping is the they fulfill Intel's performance …
process of adding
contaminants to a silicon
wafer in order to change … Environmental Considerations:
The production of CPUs requires
accurate control over chemical waste,
Etching: Unwanted energy use, and water use. Intel …
elements are eliminated
from the wafer by etching
it after the designs have …
 3. Optics: The EUV light
Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography is reflected and focused by
(EUV) a series of precisely engineered
mirrors. These mirrors are coated …

ASML is a leading manufacturer 5. Multiple Passes:

of semiconductor lithography As the EUV light has
machines. Their flagship product a very short wavelength,
costs up to 150 million dollars … it can't pass through …

Equipment EUV lithography has emerged as

a game-changer
in semiconductor manufacturing
6. Development
and Etching: After
exposure, the wafer

and Software due to its ability to create smaller … undergoes …

Semiconductor production needs

various equipment and software,
with lithography machines being
crucial
Overview of how EUV machines ConclusionIn summary,
work:1. EUV Light Generation: EUV lithography
EUV machines generate represents a significant
extremely short wavelength light … advancement in chip …

2. Mask and Reticle: The pattern

to be printed is etched onto
a mask, which can be thought
as the blueprint of the chip. This …