Introduction

 In the Anatomy discipline there are various methods which

are followed for preservation of animal tissues / organs
as anatomical specimens as well as for structural studies.

 Various methods are -

 Embalming

Plastination

Taxidermy

Cryo – preservation
 Arterial embalming consists of the injection of an embalming fluid
into the arterial system of the cadaver and utilizing the whole vascular
system.
 Embalming is the process of chemically treating the dead human body
to reduce the presence and growth of microorganisms, to retard
decomposition and to restore an acceptable physical appearance.
(Frederick and Strub, 1989)
Embalming Laboratory
 Embalming originated in Egypt around 3200 B.C.

 When a death occurred the person’s body was placed into a shallow grave
wrapped only in cloth or straw matting.

 The ground, which was sandy, dry and porous,contained

no moisture and this combined with the high outside
temperature prevented the growth of any bacteria.
 The major developments in embalming which took place in
Europe can be attributed to the study by anatomists.

 Anatomists in their to study the human body in detail needed to obtain bodies and
preserve them for lengthy periods of time.

 The embalming which took place in the 15th century was done primarily
so that medical research could be conducted.

 In the early Medieval period oils of turpentine, lavender and rosemary were used
together with spirits of wine and salt for preserving the body.
 Later in the same period embalming liquids changed to
include chemicals such as zinc, arsenic, aluminium chloride, alcohol
and zinc sulfate.
 Methods used included arterial injection and body soaking.

 It is thought that some form of embalming was therefore utilized

by Da Vinci.
 From the late 17th century to the mid 19th century many
embalming discoveries were made by physicians.
 Important discoveries included William Harvey’s understanding of the
circulation of blood (1616 -1628) and Marcello Malpighi’s knowledge
of the existence of blood capillaries (1661).
For medical and scientific
purposes such as their use as
anatomical specimens for study.

Tokeep the body suitable for

public display at a funeral.
 Sanitization

 Presentation

 Preservation
 Formaldehyde

 Glutaraldehyde

 Ethanol
Embalming Room
 Arterial embalming

 Cavity embalming

 Hypodermic embalming

 Surface embalming
 The animal is laid on the left lateral Recumbency.

The right common carotid artery is exposed through incising the right jugular furrow and by cleaning the fascia of the the artery
to allow movement and space for the canula, which is inserted into it.

When the carotid artery is raised with aneurism hooks, two (10”) pieces of ligature are placed around the artery with forceps
to hold the canula in place while embalming.
( This is done to help avoid leakage or release of the tube due to pressure exerted by the embalming apparatus.)

The common carotid artery is then incised about 4 mm long and any blood clots present are removed with forceps.

A canula is inserted in the same slit made into the artery for effective bleeding
 An L-shaped canula is then inserted into the carotid artery via the slit and tied
securely with a string.
 The other end of L-shaped canula is connected to polyethylene tubing which is
connected to the gravity embalming tank located above the calf.
 Before embalming fluid is injected, air is removed from the connecting tube to
avoid any possible airlocks produced by the vessels of the cadaver during the
injection of the fluid.
 Injection periods vary in each case taking 8 to 24 hours.
 This variability is due to the ability of the body to accept the fluid at its own rate.
 Container containing embalming fluid

Instruments
 When all preparatory procedures have been completed, the petcock is turned on
to allow the embalming fluid to flow through the tubing, canula and into the
common carotid artery, thus dispersing the fluid into the vascular system.

 During embalming a number of small whitish splotches appear on the skin in the
region most effectively embalmed and then spread peripherally.

 This splotching effect of embalming can be used to determine the effectiveness of

the embalming condition at any given time.
Gravity Injector
Motorized Injector
 Cavity embalming refers to the replacement of internal fluids
inside body cavities with embalming chemicals via the use of
an aspirator and trocar.

 The embalmer makes a small incision just above the navel

(two inches superior and two inches to the right) and pushes
the trocar in the chest and stomach cavities to puncture the
hollow organs and aspirate their contents.

 The cavities are filled with concentrated chemicals that

contain formaldehyde.

 The incision is either sutured closed or a "trocar button" is

secured into place.
 Hypodermic embalming is a supplemental method.

 It is refers to the injection of embalming chemicals into tissue with a hypodermic

needle and syringe, which is generally used as needed on a case by case basis to treat

areas where arterial fluid has not been successfully distributed during the main

arterial injection.
 Surface embalming is another supplemental method-

 embalming chemicals use to preserve and restore areas directly

on the skin surface and other superficial areas.

 also use for areasof damage such as from

accident, decomposition, cancerous growth or skin donation.
 Specimen made available for dissection within 48 - hours.
72
 Widely used for preparation of specimen for dissection.

 Suitable method for long time preservation of the cadaver/ organ / tissue.

 10 % formalin solution is routinely used and prepared from

formaldehyde
solution that easily available in the market.
 Formalin embalmed specimens are moist to touch, emit toxic vapors and
need gloves to handlethem.

 The formalin is an irritant to the eye and nasal mucosa.

 The natural color of the fixed specimen is altered and large sized specimens
are
difficult to be handled.

 If the specimen jar is kept open formalin gets evaporated, the specimen
may get dried up and there is formation of formic acid salts which stains
brown color to the jar.
 Frequent replacement of the solution every 3 – 4 months is required.
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