ChapLer 2 MoLlon ln Cne ulmenslon

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21 ulsplacemenL veloclLy and Speed
22 AcceleraLlon
23 MoLlon wlLh ConsLanL AcceleraLlon
24 lnLegraLlon
Before describing motion, you must set up a
coordinate system - define an origin and a
positive direction.
The distance is the totaI Iength of traveI; if you drive from your house to the
grocery store and back, you have covered a distance of 8.6 mi.
2-1 Displacement, Velocity, and Speed
ispIacement is the change in position. If you drive from
your house to the grocery store and then to your friend's
house, the distance you have traveIed is 10.7 mi whiIe
your dispIacement is -2.1 mi.
(Why is it negative?)
2-1 Displacement, Velocity, and Speed
&nderstanding A (Delta)

The current value of a variable is the final

value
) value initial - value Iinal anything
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2-1 Displacement, Velocity, and Speed
21 ulsplacemenL veloclLy and Speed
Average speed ls Lhe LoLal dlsLance Lraveled
dlvlded by Lhe LoLal Llme
Speed and dlsLance are boLh scalars
Average veloclLy ls Lhe neL dlsplacemenL
dlvlded by Lhe LoLal Llme
veloclLy and dlsplacemenL are boLh vecLors
We noLe here LhaL where Lhere ls moLlon Lhe
average veloclLy can be poslLlve negaLlve or
zero whlle average speed can only be poslLlve
efinition:
This means that we evaIuate the average
veIocity over a shorter and shorter period of
time; as that time becomes infinitesimaIIy
smaII, we have the instantaneous veIocity.
This is aIso the same as the sIope of the
tangent Iine that runs through a point on the
graph of x(t).
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2-1 Displacement, Velocity, and Speed
This plot shows the average velocity being measured over shorter and shorter
intervals. The instantaneous velocity is tangent to the curve.
2-1 Displacement, Velocity, and Speed
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Mathematically this means that if the position x is

some function of time t then we consider a very
small time interval about which we calculate the
instantaneous velocity
Example: x(t) = at
2
2-1 Displacement, Velocity, and Speed
2-2 Acceleration
Average acceleration:
1
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nstantaneous acceleration:
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lim
lim
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Some typical values of acceleration.
Acceleration (increasing speed) and deceleration (decreasing speed) should not
be confused with the directions of velocity and acceleration:
2-2 Acceleration
raphical nterpretation of Average and nstantaneous Acceleration:
2-2 Acceleration
f the acceleration is constant, the velocity changes linearly:
(2-7)
Average velocity:
2-3 Motion with Constant Acceleration
0

1

time total
traveled distance total
speed average
1
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#elationships and definitions

ntroduced thus far.
When acceleration is constant:
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2-3 Motion with Constant Acceleration

it the Brakes!
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2-3 Motion with Constant Acceleration
2-4 ntegration
An integral is the area under the curve of a function.
An integral is an anti-derivative.
Since a(t) is the derivative of v(t) if you integrate over a(t) you
get v(t) plus an integration constant.
ere it is understood that the integration constant is the initial
velocity at time t=0.
Also if you integrate the acceleration between two times t
1
and
t
2
you will get the net change in velocity.
We should note that integrating between 2 points eliminates the
need for an additional constant (it would be subtracted out)
The same philosophy works for integrating over the velocity.

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