astewater Blaracter|st|cs astewater Blaracter|st|cs

Character|st|cs are categor|zed as

1 hyslcal
2 Chemlcal
3 8lologlcal
Jastewater ls any waLer LhaL has been adversely affecLed ln
quallLy by anthropogen|c lnfluence
L comprlses llquld wasLe dlscharged by domesLlc resldences
commerclal properLles lndusLry and/or agrlculLure and can
encompass a wlde range of poLenLlal conLamlnanLs and
concenLraLlons
astewater astewater
P?SCAL CPA8AC1L8S1CS P?SCAL CPA8AC1L8S1CS
1he physlcal characLerlsLlcs of wasLewaLer lnclude Lhose lLems LhaL can be
deLecLed uslng Lhe physlcal senses 1hey are LemperaLure colour odour and
sollds
;/7-~,--c.--
1he LemperaLure of wasLewaLer varles greaLly dependlng upon Lhe Lype of
operaLlons belng conducLed aL your lnsLallaLlon Changes ln wasLewaLer
LemperaLures affecL Lhe sett/inq rotes disso/ved oxyqen /eve/s and bio/oqico/
oction 1he LemperaLure of wasLewaLer becomes exLremely lmporLanL ln cerLaln
wasLewaLer unlL operaLlons such as sedimentotion tonks and recircu/otinq
fi/ters
.`^..
1he colour of wasLewaLer conLalnlng dlssolved
oxygen (uC) ls normally gray 1able 102
provldes wasLewaLer colour lnformaLlon
Significonce of CoIor in Wosfewofer
%%dour
uomesLlc sewage should have a odour 8ubbllng gas and/or foul
odour may lndlcaLe lndusLrlal wasLes anaeroblc (sepLlc) condlLlons
and operaLlonal problems
(4)Sollds
WasLewaLer ls normally 999 percenL waLer and 01 percenL sollds
f a wasLewaLer sample ls evaporaLed Lhe sollds remalnlng are
called toto/ so/ids
1hose sollds LhaL are noL dlssolved ln wasLewaLer are called
suspended so/ids
When suspended sollds floaL Lhey are called f/ootob/e so/ids or
scum
1hose suspended sollds LhaL seLLle are called sett/eob/e so/ids
qrit or s/udqe
cnMlc4L cn4k4c1kl51lc5 cnMlc4L cn4k4c1kl51lc5
1he chemlcal characLerlsLlcs of wasLewaLer are pP uC (dlssolved
oxygen) oxygen demand nuLrlenLs and Loxlc subsLances
%%pn
1he Lerm ls used Lo descrlbe Lhe acld or base properLles of
waLer soluLlons
1he pP values less Lhan 3 and more Lhan 10 usually lndlcaLe LhaL
lndusLrlal wasLes exlsL and are noL compaLlble wlLh blologlcal
wasLewaLer operaLlons
reLreaLmenL of Lhese wasLes aL Lhe source ls usually requlred
slnce exLreme pP values may damage blologlcal LreaLmenL unlLs
%% ulssolveJ oxyqeo
ulssolved oxygen (uC) ln wasLewaLer has a greaL effecL on Lhe
characLerlsLlcs of Lhe waLer
WasLewaLer LhaL has uC ls called fetoblc or fresh Aeroblc raw
sewage ls usually gray ln colour
WasLewaLer LhaL has no uC ls called fofetoblc or sepLlc
Anaeroblc raw sewage ls usually black and has an offenslve
hydrogen sulphlde or roLLen egg odour
(3) nuLrlenLs
nuLrlenLs are llfesupporLlng nlLrogen and phosphorus 1hey
sLlmulaLe excesslve growLhs of algae and oLher aquaLlc planL llfe
1hey are always presenL ln domesLlc wasLewaLers and are noL
removed durlng convenLlonal prlmary and secondary LreaLmenL
8acLerla vlruses and paraslLes make up
Lhe blologlcal characLerlsLlcs of wasLewaLer
WasLewaLer conLalns vasL quanLlLles of
bacLerla and oLher organlsms LhaL orlglnaLe
ln dlscharged wasLes
1he feedlng acLlvlLles of Lhese organlsms
asslsL ln decomposlng wasLewaLer
%% 8io/oqico/ chorocteristics %% 8io/oqico/ chorocteristics
erob|c bacter|a decompose organlc maLLer ln
Lhe presence of free oxygen
naerob|c bacter|a decompose organlc maLLer
LhaL ls shuL off from free oxygen such as ln Lhe
lnLerlor of a dead body 1he producLs of
anaeroblc decomposlLlon have an exLremely
unpleasanL odour
WasLewaLer LhaL ls noL properly LreaLed may
evenLually flnd lLs way lnLo a communlLy waLer
source and spread waLerborne dlseases
efinition wasLewaLer LreaLmenL ls Lhe process of removlng
conLamlnanLs from wasLewaLer and household sewage boLh runoff
and domesLlc L lncludes physlcal chemlcal and blologlcal
processes Lo remove physlcal chemlcal and blologlcal
conLamlnanLs
S_`WcS`W^`^WS`WZ`
bjective Lo produce an envlronmenLallysafe fluld wasLe
sLream and a solld wasLe sulLable for dlsposal or reuse
!72,7970,92039
Objective . To remove settleable oranic and inoranic solids by
sedimentation, and the removal ot materials that tloat (scum) by
skimmin.
!74cess .
n the primary sedimentation stae, sewae tlows throuh lare
tanks, commonly called '57ima7sedimentati4ntanks.' The
tanks are used to settle slude while g7ease and 4ilsrise to the
surtace and are skimmed ott.
!7ima7settlingtanksare usually equipped with mechanically
driven scrapers that continually drive the collected slude
towards a hopper in the base ot the tank where it is pumped to
slude treatment tacilities. Orease and oil trom the tloatin
material can sometimes be recovered tor saponitication.
A LypIcuI sedImenLuLIon Lunk muy remove
Irom o Lo ;o percenL oI suspended soIIds,
und Irom o Lo percenL oI bIocIemIcuI
oxygen demund (BOD) Irom LIe sewuge.
L muy be consIdered suIIIcIenL LreuLmenL II
LIe wusLewuLer Is used Lo IrrIguLe crops LIuL
ure noL consumed by Iumuns or Lo IrrIguLe
orcIurds, vIneyurds, und some processed
Iood crops.
$0.43/,7970,92039
Ob]eo11ve . Sccondary ircaimcni is dcsigncd io
sulsianiially dcgradc iIc liological conicni of iIc
scwagc wIicI arc dcrivcd from Iuman wasic, food
wasic, soas and dcicrgcni.
Cusscuton .
Sccondary ircaimcni sysicms arc classificd as.-
1ed-]11m grou1 sysicms.
$:85ended grou1 sysicms.
1rlckllng lllLer
%% lixedfi/m qrowth systems
A tr|ck||ng f||ter conslsLs of a flxed
bed of rocks lava coke gravel slag
polyureLhane foam sphagnum peaL
moss ceramlc or plasLlc medla over
whlch sewage or oLher wasLewaLer
flows downward and causes a layer
of mlcroblal sllme (blo fllm) Lo grow
coverlng Lhe bed of medla
perat|on of tr|ck||ng f||ter
1he removal of polluLanLs from Lhe wasLewaLer sLream lnvolves
boLh absorpLlon and adsorpLlon of organlc compounds by Lhe
layer of mlcroblal blofllm
assage of Lhe wasLewaLer over Lhe medla furnlshes dlssolved alr
Lhe oxygen whlch Lhe sllme layer requlres for Lhe blochemlcal
oxldaLlon of Lhe organlc compounds and releases carbon dloxlde
gas waLer and oLher oxldlzed end producLs
As Lhe blo fllm layer Lhlckens lL evenLually sloughs off lnLo Lhe
LreaLed effluenL and subsequenLly forms parL of Lhe secondary
sludge
1yplcally a Lrlckllng fllLer ls followed by a sedlmenLaLlon Lank for
Lhe separaLlon and removal of Lhe sloughlng
otftloq bloloqlcfl cootfctots
8oLaLlng blologlcal conLacLors (88Cs) are mechanlcal secondary
LreaLmenL sysLems whlch are robusL and capable of wlLhsLandlng
surges ln organlc load 88Cs were flrsL lnsLalled ln Cermany ln 1960
and have slnce been developed and reflned lnLo a rellable operaLlng
unlL
1he roLaLlng dlsks supporL Lhe growLh of bacLerla and mlcro
organlsms presenL ln Lhe sewage whlch break down and sLablllse
organlc polluLanLs 1o be successful mlcroorganlsms need boLh
oxygen Lo llve and food Lo grow
1he aquarlum waLer ls drawn up ouL of Lhe Lank and Lhen
cascaded over a freely splnnlng corrugaLed flbermesh wheel
before passlng Lhrough a medla fllLer and back lnLo Lhe aquarlum
1he splnnlng mesh wheel develops a blo fllm coaLlng of
mlcroorganlsms LhaL feed on Lhe suspended wasLes ln Lhe
aquarlum waLer and are also exposed Lo Lhe aLmosphere as Lhe
wheel roLaLes
1hls ls especlally good aL removlng wasLe urea and ammonla
urlnaLed lnLo Lhe aquarlum waLer by Lhe flsh and oLher anlmals
%% 5uspended qrowth systems
SuspendedgrowLh sysLems lnclude acLlvaLed sludge
where Lhe blomass ls mlxed wlLh Lhe sewage and can be
operaLed ln a smaller space Lhan Lrlckllng fllLers LhaL
LreaL Lhe same amounL of waLer
Powever flxedfllm sysLems are more able Lo cope wlLh
drasLlc changes ln Lhe amounL of blologlcal maLerlal and
can provlde hlgher removal raLes for organlc maLerlal
and suspended sollds Lhan suspended growLh sysLems
Cxygen ls obLalned from Lhe aLmosphere as Lhe
dlsks roLaLe As Lhe mlcroorganlsms grow Lhey
bulld up on Lhe medla unLll Lhey are sloughed
off due Lo shear forces provlded by Lhe roLaLlng
dlscs ln Lhe sewage
LffluenL from Lhe 88C ls Lhen passed Lhrough
flnal clarlflers where Lhe mlcroorganlsms ln
suspenslon seLLle as a sludge 1he sludge ls
wlLhdrawn from Lhe clarlfler for furLher
LreaLmenL
ct|vated s|udge ls a process
for LreaLlng sewage and
lndusLrlal wasLewaLer uslng alr
and a blologlcal floc composed
of bacLerla and proLozoans
ACTlvATF0 Slu06F PR0CFSS ACTlvATF0 Slu06F PR0CFSS
Activated sIudge pIant invoIves:
wastewater aeration in the presence of a microbial
suspension,
solid-liquid separation following aeration,
discharge of clarified effluent,
wasting of excess biomass, and
return of remaining biomass to the aeration tank.
n activated sludge process wastewater containing
organic matter is aerated in an aeration basin in
which micro-organisms metabolize the suspended
and soluble organic matter. Part of organic matter
is synthesized into new cells and part is oxidized to
CO
2
and water to derive energy. n activated
sludge systems the new cells formed in the
reaction are removed from the liquid stream in the
form of a flocculent sludge in settling tanks. A part
of this settled biomass, described as activated
sludge is returned to the aeration tank and the
remaining forms waste or excess sludge.
Definition An Aeration Pond is a large, outdoor, mixed aerobic
reactor. Mechanical aerators provide oxygen and keep the aerobic
organisms suspended and mixed with the water to achieve a high
rate oI organic degradation and nutrient removal.
07,943!43/
,inten,nce
i. A permanent skilled staII is required to repair and maintain
aeration machinery.
ii. The pond must be desludged once every 2 to 5 years.
iii. Care should be taken to ensure that the pond is not used as a
garbage dump, especially considering the damage that could be
done to the aeration equipment.
AdvanLages of aeraLlon pond ulsadvanLages of aeraLlon pond
Cood reslsLance agalnsL shock loadlng
Plgh reducLlon ln paLhogens
ConsLrucLlon can provlde shorLLerm
employmenL Lo local labourers
8equlres large land area
Long servlce llfe
no real problems wlLh lnsecLs or odours
lf deslgned correcLly
LffluenL/sludge requlres secondary
LreaLmenL and/or approprlaLe dlscharge
8equlres experL deslgn and consLrucLlon
supervlslon
8equlres full Llme operaLlon and
malnLenance by skllled personnel
noL all parLs and maLerlals may be
avallable locally
ConsLanL source of elecLrlclLy ls requlred
ModeraLehlgh caplLal and varlable
operaLlng cosLs dependlng on Lhe prlce of
land elecLrlclLy
-ective
The purpose oI tertiary treatment is to provide a Iinal treatment
stage to raise the eIIluent quality beIore it is discharged to the
receiving environment (sea, river, lake, ground, etc.).
%079,7970,92039
I disinIection is practiced it is always the Iinal process.
t is also called "eIIluent polishing."
n18CCLn 8LMCvAL
1he removal of nlLrogen ls effecLed Lhrough Lhe blologlcal
oxldaLlon of nlLrogen from ammonla Lo nlLraLe (nlLrlflcaLlon)
followed by denlLrlflcaLlon Lhe reducLlon of nlLraLe Lo nlLrogen gas
nlLrogen gas ls released Lo Lhe aLmosphere and Lhus removed
from Lhe waLer
nlLrlflcaLlon lLself ls a LwosLep aeroblc process each sLep
faclllLaLed by a dlfferenL Lype of bacLerla 1he oxldaLlon of ammonla
(nP
3
) Lo nlLrlLe (nC
2
-
) ls mosL ofLen faclllLaLed by -lttosomoofs
spp nlLrlLe oxldaLlon Lo nlLraLe (nC
3
-
) Lhough LradlLlonally belleved
Lo be faclllLaLed by -lttobfctet spp ls now known Lo be faclllLaLed
ln Lhe envlronmenL almosL excluslvely by -lttosltf spp
uenlLrlflcaLlon requlres anoxlc condlLlons Lo encourage Lhe
approprlaLe blologlcal communlLles Lo form L ls faclllLaLed by a
wlde dlverslLy of bacLerla Sand fllLers lagoonlng and reed beds
can all be used Lo reduce nlLrogen
Slnce denlLrlflcaLlon ls Lhe reducLlon of nlLraLe Lo dlnlLrogen gas
an elecLron donor ls needed 1hls can be dependlng on Lhe
wasLewaLer organlc maLLer (from faeces) sulphlde or an added
donor llke meLhanol
1he sludge ln Lhe anoxlc Lanks (denlLrlflcaLlon Lanks) musL be
mlxed well
9n59nku5 kMI4L
hosphorus can be removed blologlcally ln a process called
enhanced b|o|og|ca| phosphorus remova|
n Lhls process speclflc bacLerla called po|yphosphate accumulaLlng
organlsms (ACs) are selecLlvely enrlched and accumulaLe large
quanLlLles of phosphorus wlLhln Lhelr cells (up Lo 20 percenL of Lhelr
mass)
When Lhe blomass enrlched ln Lhese bacLerla ls separaLed from Lhe
LreaLed waLer Lhese blosollds have a hlgh ferLlllzer value
hosphorus removal can also be achleved by chem|ca|
prec|p|tat|on usually wlLh salLs of |ron (eg ferrlc chlorlde)
a|um|n|um (eg alum) or ||me
1hls may lead Lo excesslve sludge producLlon as hydroxldes
preclplLaLes and Lhe added chemlcals can be expenslve Chemlcal
phosphorus removal requlres slgnlflcanLly smaller equlpmenL
fooLprlnL Lhan blologlcal removal ls easler Lo operaLe and ls ofLen
more rellable Lhan blologlcal phosphorus removal
AnoLher meLhod for phosphorus
removal ls Lo use granular laLerlLe
Cnce removed phosphorus ln Lhe
form of a phosphaLerlch sludge may
be sLored ln a land flll or resold for use
ln ferLlllzer
Disinfection
-ective The purpose oI disinIection in the treatment oI waste
water is to substantially reduce the number oI microorganisms in the
water to be discharged back into the environment Ior the later use oI
drinking, bathing, irrigation, etc.
orms of w,stew,ter disinfection
(1) Chlorination
(2) Ultra-violet
(3) Ozone
Chlorin,tion
a) t remains the most common Iorm oI waste water disinIection due
to its low cost and long-term history oI eIIectiveness.
b) One disadvantage is that chlorination oI residual organic material
can generate chlorinated-organic compounds that may be
carcinogenic or harmIul to the environment.
#esidual chlorine or chloramines may
also be capable oI chlorinating
organic material in the natural aquatic
environment.
Further, because residual chlorine is
toxic to aquatic species, the treated
eIIluent must also be chemically
dechlorinated, adding to the
complexity and cost oI treatment.
%% zone
i. Ozone (O
3
) is generated by passing oxygen (O
2
) through a
high voltage potential resulting in a third oxygen atom
becoming attached and Iorming O
3
.
ii. Ozone is very unstable and reactive and oxidizes most organic
material it comes in contact with, thereby destroying many
pathogenic microorganisms.
Ozone is considered to be saIer than
chlorine because, unlike chlorine which
has to be stored on site, ozone is
generated onsite as needed. Ozonation
also produces Iewer disinIection by-
products than chlorination.
A disadvantage oI ozone disinIection is
the high cost oI the ozone generation
equipment and the requirements Ior
special operators.
1PAnk
?Cu