First Aid and Accident
Prevention
By: Medina A. (MSc.)
First aid and Accident Prevention course syllabus
• Course title: First aid and accident prevention
• Program: Midwifery and Biochemistry
• Course code:
• Degree Program: BSc
• Module Code: NursM2071
• Year: lI
• Prerequisite: Anatomy and physiology
• Status of the course: supportive
2
Course content
• CHAPTER – ONE: Introduction to first aid
• CHAPTER–TWO: Respiratory emergencies and
artificial respiration
• CHAPTER – THREE: Wounds
• CHAPTER-FOUR: Dressings and bandaging
• CHAPTER –FIVE: Specific injuries
• CHAPTER –SIX: Shock
• CHAPTER – SEVEN: Bone and joint injuries
3
Cont’d…
• CHAPTER – EIGHT: Poisoning
• CHAPTER-NINE: Burns
• CHAPTER–TEN: Sudden illness and
unconsciousness
• CHAPTER–ELEVEN: Heatstroke, heat cramps and
Heat exhaustion
• CHAPTER - TWELVE: Emergency rescue and short
distance transfer
• CHAPTER –THIRTEEN: Disaster 4
Rules and regulations
• Don’t be let and
• Attendance are mandatory
• Cheating on exam will result in automatic dismissal of the
course
• Method of assessment
Quiz
Assignment (group and individual)
Short And final exam
5
Outline
• Define first aid and accident prevention
• Reasons for First Aid
• Principles of first aid
• Value of First Aid Training
• Infection prevention and patient safety
• General directions for given first aid
Objective
• After completing this chapter, the student will be able to:
1. Define first aid
2. Recognize the reasons why first aid is given
3. Identify values of first aid
4. Identify general directions for giving first aid
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Brainstorming ?
1. What do you think is first aid ??
2. What do you think is your responsibility as a first aider ??
3. Who do you think can give first aid care?
4. What are the aims of first aid ??
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Case scenario
• Suppose you have arrived at the scene of road traffic accident. There
were five people on the car. After the incident all the victims were
expelled from the car had minor to major bruise and bleeding. Two of
the were awake and walking but had injured arms both, one lady was
shouting for help and screaming loudly, while a young boy was quite
lying on the ground with a girl next to him also moaning and
hardly breaths both were not speaking a word.
1. How do you approach these victims?
2. To whom would you give priority first?
3. Until when would you provide care?
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What’s first aid ?
• First aid is the provision of immediate care to a victim with an
injury or illness.
• Is normally performed until the injury or illness is satisfactorily
dealt with (such as in the case of small cuts, minor bruises, and
blisters) or until the next level of care, such as an ambulance or
doctor, arrives.
Aims of first aid
• “4 Ps” - These points govern all the actions undertaken by a
first aider.
• Protect yourself
• Prevent further injury
• Preserve life
• Promote recovery
Principles of first aid
• To prevent further injury to the casualty and to yourself
• To assess and treat the casualty in the correct order of priority.
• To place casualties in a comfortable position.
• To immobilize injured limbs.
• To relieve pain and anxiety if possible
• To arrange evacuation if necessary in the correct priority.
Values of first aid training
• Self help
• Help for others
• Preparation for disaster
• Safety awareness
Legal aspects of First aid
• Good samaritan principle prevents some one who has voluntarily
helped another in need from being sued for ‘wrongdoing.’
• It encourage people to help others
• You are generally protected from liability as long as:
You are reasonably careful
You act in “good faith” (not for a reward)
You do not provide care beyond your skill level
• If you decide to help an ill or injured person, you must not leave
them until some one with equal or more emergency training takes
over (unless of course, it becomes dangerous for you to stay)
14
Cont’d…
• Consent means permission
• responsive adult must agree to receive first aid care
• “Expressive consent” responsive person must agree to
receive first aid care
• “implied consent” that the permission to perform first aid
care on unresponsive victim is assumed
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Overcoming Barriers to Act
• Sometimes, even though people recognize that an emergency has
occurred, they fail to act.
• The most common factors that keep people from responding are:
Panic or fear of doing something wrong
Being unsure of the person’s condition and what to do
Assuming someone else will take action
Type of injury or illness
Fear of catching a disease (see the Disease Transmission and
Prevention)
Fear of being sued (see discussion of Good Samaritan laws in this
chapter)
Being unsure of when to call 9-3-9 or the local emergency number 16
General direction for giving first aid
• Assessment of the situation
• Identify the problem
• Giving immediate and adequate treatment (to give priority).
• Arrangement for the transport of casualty
• Prevent cross infection
First Aid Assessment
• Primary survey
• Secondary survey
• Tertiary survey
Primary survey
• Aim – immediately identify and treat life threatening conditions
• Follow DRS ABC
• Danger
• Response
• Send
• Airway
• Breathing
• Circulation
Danger
• Check for danger – yourself
- partner
- bystander
Response
• Check patient response to stimulus to determine level of
consciousness
A – is the patient alert ?
V – is the patient responding to verbal stimuli ?
P – is the patient responding to painful stimuli ?
U – unresponsiveness ?
Send you may call for emergency help “939”
Primary survey algorithm
Cont’d…
AIR WAY
-Establish patent airway and protect c-spine
• Management
Clear mouth
Chin lift - head tilt
jaw thrust
Oropharyngeal or Nasopharyngeal airway
Cervical spine care
Breathing
• Assess and ensure adequate oxygenation and ventilation
● Respiratory rate
● Chest movement
● Air entry
● Breath sounds
● Oxygen saturation
Circulation-
• Assessing for signs of inadequate tissue perfusion
● Level of consciousness
● Skin color and temperature
● Pulse rate and character
● Haemorrhage Management
• Control bleeding with pressure
• Establish 2 large bore (16 G or larger) IV’s
• Resuscitate with IV fluid
CIRCULATION…
• Beware of
• Intra-abdominal injury
• Intra-thoracic injury
• Long bone fracture
• Pelvic fracture
• Penetrating injury
Secondary survey
• Aim – obtaining detailed history, along with vital signs and
performing a focused physical examination based on patient’s
symptoms and history
Vital sign survey
• Pulse
• Respiratory rate
• Blood pressure
• Temperature
• O2 saturation
• Glasgow coma scale
• 12 lead ECG
• Sedation assessment
History
• Onset
• Provocation
• Quality
• Radiation
• Severity
• Timing
cont.
• Sign/symptoms
• Allergies
• Medications
• Past medical Hx
• Last meal
• Events prior 31
Secondary survey cont’d…
• Physical examination
Head to toe assessment
Tertiary assessment
• Assessing the given treatment
• Definitive treatment
Infection prevention and patient safety
• Objective
To prevent infections when providing any type of service
To minimize the risk of transmitting serious infections
INFECTION PREVENTION…
• Consider every person potentially infectious and susceptible to
infection.
• Wearing gloves before touching anything potentially infectious and
wet—broken skin, mucous membrane, blood, body fluids,
secretions
• Using physical barriers including personal protective equipment
• Disposing contaminated materials and contaminated waste properly.
• Isolating patients only if secretions or excretions cannot be
contained.
Cont’d…
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QN??
