Frequency Offset Reduction

Methods in OFDM
By:
Behrouz Maham

Supervisor:
Dr. Said Nader-Esfahani

Department of Electrical and computer Engineering
University of Tehran

September 2005

2
Outlines
OFDM Introduction
OFDM advantages
OFDM disadvantages
Guard Time Preference
Frequency Offset Causes in OFDM
Frequency Offset Effects
Methods Use to reducing frequency offset
effects


3
Outlines
Windowing Applications in OFDM
Use of windowing to reduce frequency offset
Maximally Flat Nyquist Window
Numerical Analysis
Self ICI Cancellation Method
Using Frequency Offset Estimation to
Frequency Offset Cancellation



4
OFDM Introduction
Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing
(OFDM) is the modulation technique
It is used for many application such as DVB,
DAB, WLAN, FBWA and personal
communication systems
OFDM is a type of MCM that divides a given
channel into many parallel subchannels
It is work like DMT for static channels


5
OFDM advantages
Spectrally efficient
Elegant way to deal with equalization of
dispersive slowly fading channels
Robust against ISI and ICI


6
OFDM disadvantages
Sensitivity to frequency offset
Peak power problem
Significant need to signal processing
To preserve the orthogonality between
subcarriers, the amplifiers need to be
linear
7
OFDM Transceiver
Channel
Coding
Symbol
map
Serial
to
parallel
IFFT
(modul
ation)
parallel
to
serial
guard &
cyclic ext &
windowing
DAC
RF tx.
OFDM Transmitter
----------------------------
RF rx. ADC
Timing &
freq.
synch.
Remove
cyclic
extension
Serial
to
parallel
FFT
parallel
to
serial
symbol
demap
Decodi
ng
bits
bits
symbol
timing
frequency
corrected signal
OFDM Receiver
------------------------
8
OFDM Signal in Time Domain
9
OFDM Signal in Frequency
Domain
10
Guard Time & Cyclic Prefix
11
Guard Time Preference
ICI reduction by cyclic prefix
ISI reduction in multipath channels
Can be employed in frequency offset
reduction



12
Frequency Offset Causes in
OFDM
Tuning oscillator inaccuracies
Carriers are inherently closely spaced in
frequency compared to the channel
bandwidth
Multiple frequency translation in links
such as satellite
Doppler shift in mobile digital radio links
13
Frequency Offset Effects
Reduction of signal in the output of the
filters matched to each of the carriers
Introduction of ICI from the other
carriers which are now no longer
orthogonal to the filter
14
Methods Use to reducing
frequency offset effects
Windowing of the transmitted signal
Use of self ICI cancellation schemes
Frequency offset estimation methods
Using AFC loop in the receiver
Blind estimation methods
15
Windowing Applications in OFDM
Linear distortion reduction
Frequency offset reduction
Peak power reduction

16
Use of windowing to reduce
frequency offset
Conventional OFDM receivers disregard
the guard interval
Guard interval can be exploited for
improved demodulation by applying a
Nyquist window
Samples in guard interval can mitigate
the joint effect additive noise and ICI
17
System Model
The signal at the output of the N-subcarrier
OFDM transmitter is given by



f
c
is the carrier frequency
f
k
is the subcarrier frequency of the kth subcarrier
a
k
is the data symbol transmitted on the kth subcarrier
p(t) is the time-limited pulse-shaping function
We assumethat the data symbols are
uncorrelated
t f j
N
k
k
t f j
k c
e t p a e t x

=

t t 2
1
0
2
) ( ) (
18
System Model

One also has that

To ensure subcarrier orthogonality


1/T is the minimum subcarrier frequency spacing
required
Indicates that the Fourier transform of the pulse should
have spectral nulls at the frequencies 1/T, 2/T , to
ensure subcarrier orthogonality



{ }

=
=
=
m k
m k
a a E
m k
, 0
, 1
*
T
m k
f f
m k

=
| |

=
=
=
}
+

m k
m k
dt t f f j t p
m k
, 0
, 1
) ( 2 exp ) ( t
19
System Model
In this work we consider three time-
limited pulses
Raised-cosine





is the roll-off factor, and 0 1

+
s <

)
`

|
.
|

\
|

+

s s
=
otherwise , 0
2
) 1 (
2
) 1 (
,
2
) 1 (
cos 1
2
1
2
) 1 (
t 0 ,
1
) (
o o o
o
t
o
T
t
T T
t
T T
T
T
t p
rc
20
System Model
BTRC pulse-shape





MF pulse-shape as defined next

+
s <
)
`

|
|
.
|

\
|
(

+
s <

|
|
.
|

\
|
(

s s
=
otherwise , 0
2
) 1 (
2
,
2
) 1 ( 2 ln 2
exp 1
1
2
) 1 (
2
) 1 (
,
2
) 1 ( ln2 2 -
exp
1
2
) 1 (
t 0 ,
1
) (
o o
o
o o o
o
o
T
t
T
t
T
T T
T
t
T T
t
T T
T
T
t p
btrc
21
Use of windowing to reduce
frequency offset
22
Maximally Flat Nyquist
Window
[4] proposed the maximally flat nyquist
pulse for ISI reduction in PAM signals in
time domain
We extend this approach in frequency
domain to frequency offset reduction
Consider a single OFDM symbol in
frequency domain

=
=
1
0
) / ( ) (
N
k
k
T k f P a f R
23
Maximally Flat Nyquist
Window
The mean square error of mth
subcarrier after simplification in the
presence of a frequency error f


Our goal is to make MSE maximally flat
about the ideal sample point f=0
| |

=
=
A + + A = A
1
0
2
2
) / ) (( ) 0 ( ) ( . ) (
N
m k
k
m
f T m k P K P f P K f MSE
24
Maximally Flat Nyquist
Window
To achieve maximal flatness, of degree N

N coefficients should be zero


It is equivalent to the N equation

=
A = A
0
2
. ) ( ) (
i
i
i m
f b f MSE

= =
=
=
otherwise
k n P
f P
df
d
T k f
n
n
, 0
0 ), 0 (
) (
/
. 1 , , 1 , 0 , , ) ( ) (
1
0
= e =

=
N n I t m t p m t
n
N
m
n
o
25
Maximally Flat Nyquist
Window
where I defined as N/2-1<t<N/2
The result is


For N=1 and N=2 the well-known
rectangular and triangular pulse shapes are
obtained
Non-integer pulse-width N+D
The fractional part D to adjust the first nonzero
coefficient to its minimum value
. 1 , , 1 , 0 , ,
1
1
) ( = e +
|
|
.
|

\
|


|
|
.
|

\
|
+
= N m I m t
m N
t m N
m
m t
t p
26
Maximally Flat Nyquist
Window
In a similar manner to the previous
discussion (integer pulse-width)


where I
1
and I
2
are defined by

For , p(t-N) is zero, then we have
1 , , 1 , 0 , ,
, ) ( ) (
2 1
0
= e
=

=
N n I I t
m t p m t
n
N
m
n

o
2 / ) ( 1 2 / :
1
D N t N I < <
2 / 2 / ) ( :
2
N t D N I < <
. 1 , , 1 , 0 , ,
1
1
) (
1
= e +
|
|
.
|

\
|


|
|
.
|

\
|
+
= N m I m t
m N
t m N
m
m t
t p
1
I t e
27
Maximally Flat Nyquist
Window
For the interval , one extra
equation is required which determined
from minimizing b
N



Set of calculations leads to






2
2
) (
) ! (
1

=
= (

=
k
k f
N
N
N
f P
df
d
N
b
. , 0 ) ( ) (
2
0
I t m t p m t
N
m
N
e =

=
2
I t e
28
Maximally Flat Nyquist
Window
The result will be same as the integer
N+1 case
. , , 1 , 0 ,
, ) (
2
N m I m t
m N
t m N
m
m t
t p
= e +
|
|
.
|

\
|

|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
29
Using Maximally Flat in OFDM
We consider a case with N=1
Replace the fractional part d by roll-off
factor
resume the normalized value T

+
s <

s s
=
otherwise , 0
2
) 1 (
2
) 1 (
, ) t - (T
1
2
) 1 (
t 0 ,
1
) (
o o
o
T
t
T
T
T
T
t p
mf
30
MF pulse with different values of
roll-off factor
31
ICI Analysis
Frequency offset and phase error, are
introduced during tranmission
The received signal becomes


The mth subchannel correlation
demodulator gives the decision variable
for transmitted symbol a
m
). ( ) ( ) (
1
0
2 ) 2 (
t n e t p a e t r
N
k
t f j
k
ft j
k
+ =

=
+ A t u t
32
ICI Analysis




First term contains the desired signal
The second term is the ICI
The last term is zero-mean,
independent complex Gaussian noise


( )
| |
.
) ( 2 exp ) ( ) exp(
2 exp ) ( ) exp(
) 2 exp( ) (
1
0
) 1 (
0
) 1 (
0
m
N
k
m k
T
m k k
T
m
m m
N
dt t f f f j t p a j
dt t f j t p j a
dt t f j t r a
+
A + +
A =
=

}
}
}

=
=
+
+
+

o
o
t u
t u
t
33
ICI Analysis
Power of the desired signal is

The ICI power is


It depends on desired signal location m
And the transmitted symbol sequence
And on the pulse-shaping function
And the number of subcarriers
2 2
2
) ( f P a
m m
A = o

=
=

=
=
|
.
|

\
|
A +

|
.
|

\
|
A +

=
1
0
1
0
* 2
,
N
k
m k
N
n
m n
n k m ICI
f
T
m n
P f
T
m k
P a a o
34
ICI Analysis
Average ICI power


Averaged across different sequence
N.C. Beaulieu showed that ICI power doesn't
depend on sample location m except for
sample locations 0 and N-1
2
1
0
2
,

=
=
|
.
|

\
|
A +

=
N
k
m k
m ICI
f
T
m k
P o
35
ICI Power Comparison with
=0.4
36
ICI Power Comparison with
=0.8
37
ICI Power Comparison
Recent figures show that
Increasing correspond to large ICI power
reduction
For the value of , the MF pulse outperforms
MF pulse shows superior behavior at lower
frequency offsets
When the normalized frequency offset is 0.05,
the MF pulse achieves 7.4 dB and 13.6 dB
smaller power than the BTRC and raised-cosine
pulses for =0.8
38
Signal Power to Average ICI
Power Ratio
Performance comparison in terms of the
average signal power to average ICI
power ratio (SIR)

=
=
|
.
|

\
|
A +

A
=
1
0
2
2
) (
N
k
m k
f
T
m k
P
f P
SIR
39
Signal Power to Average ICI
Power Ratio with =1
40
Signal Power to Average ICI
Power Ratio with =0.75
41
Signal Power to Average ICI
Power Ratio
Recent figures imply that
MF pulse outperforms BTRC and raised-cosine
pulses
In former figure the raised-cosine window
drops to an SIR of 45 dB at f=0.02, while
twice and forth that offset are tolerable with
BTRC and MF pulses, respectively
42
Performance Analysis
Examine OFDM system performances with
different windoows
Considering the joint effect of additive noise
and ICI
Results are for 64-subccarrier OFDM
The channel signal-to-noise ratio is


is the power of the desired signal
denotes the average noise power per subcarrier
2 2
/
n m c
o o =
43
Performance Analysis
We introduce the subcarrierr SNR as



Following figures imply that the
superiority of the MF pulse is evident in
the both diagrams
2
,
2
2

m ICI n
m
s
o o
o

+
=
44
Subcarrier SNR with of 0.75
and f.T=0.2
45
Subcarrier SNR with of 0.75
and f.T=0.5
46
Numerical Analysis
Bit Error Rate is a more meaningful
performance measure than the ICI
power
Different modulation schemes are
compared
We assume square constellations with
Gray coding for QPSK, 16QAM and
64QAM

47
The average BER performance of a QPSK-OFDM
with roll-off factor of 0.1 in the presence of
normalized frequency offset of 0.2
48
The average BER performance of a QPSK-
OFDM with roll-off factor of 0.1 in the
presence of normalized frequency offset of 0.3
49
The average BER performance of a 16QAM-
OFDM with roll-off factor of 0.5 in the
presence of normalized frequency offset of 0.3
50
The average BER performance of a 16QAM-
OFDM with roll-off factor of 0.75 in the
presence of normalized frequency offset of 0.3
51
The average BER performance of a 64QAM-
OFDM with roll-off factor of 1.0 in the
presence of normalized frequency offset of 0.3
52
The average BER performance of a 64QAM-
OFDM with roll-off factor of 0.75 in the
presence of normalized frequency offset of 0.2
53
Numerical Analysis

Recent figures imply that
Figures for QPSK systems imply that MF pulse-
shaped system outperforms
Observing figure in p. that MF pulse can gain
about 1.5 dB in SNR at BER= 10
-6
The superiorities of the MF and BTRC pulsed-
shaped systems over the raised cosine pulsed-
shaped system can be clearly seen
In the case of figure in p. , at a BER of 10
-5
, a 8 dB
performance gain can be obtained with
employment of the MF pulse rather than the BTRC
pulse
54
Numerical Analysis
An error floor occurs for the raised-cosine
pulse, whereas, no error floor occurs for BTRC
and MF pulses in this case
55
Self ICI Cancellation Method
Maps the data to be transmitted onto
adjacent pairs of subcarriers

DFT of samples input to the receiver







i N i N
a a
, 1 , 2
=
i i
a a
, 3 , 2
, =
i i
a a
, 1 , 0
, =
56
Self ICI Cancellation Method
Complex weighting coefficents


Decoded value for the zerth carrier

To maximize overall SNR, the
values shoud be subtracted
in pairs



i N i
z z
, 1 , 0
,

57
Self ICI Cancellation Method


When there is no carrier frequency
offset

Disadvantage: less bandwidth efficient
than normal OFDM


58
Using Frequency Offset Estimation to
Frequency Offset Cancellation
If an OFDM transmission symbol is repeated,
one receives, in the absence of noise


N point DFT of the first N points is

N point DFT of the first N points is






59
Using Frequency Offset Estimation to
Frequency Offset Cancellation
We have

Including the AWGN one obtains

It is shown that the maximum likelihood
estimate (MLE) of is given by