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BOOK REVIEW

Prof. Ziauddin Ahmad in

Published

1996 KIJ
Pakistans 5/4/12

ISLAM TOWARDS WORLD CIVILIZATION

SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS
IN

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TOPICS TO DISCUSS

1) Scientific Progress The Science of Arabic Numbers Medicine and Surgery Eminent Medical Specialists Hospitals and Medical Colleges Science of Chemistry Science of Geology Science of Geography

2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8)
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SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS
Astronomy -

and Mathematics

The arrival of an Indian mathematician and astronomer with a copy of Siddhanta (a Sanskrit treatise of astronomy). Mohammad Ibn Ibrahim al-Fazri and Yaqub Ibn Tariq successfully translated it into Arabic. Hence, produced astronomers. was the a first band Muslim of to

5/4/12 - Al-Fazari

ABU ABDULLAH ALBATTANI (868-929 C.E.)

Battani was a famous astronomer, mathematician and astrologer. Known as Albategnieus in West. His well-known discovery is the remarkably accurate determination of the solar year as being 365 days, 5 hours, 46 minutes and 24 seconds, which is very close to the latest estimates. He found that the longitude of the sun's apogee had increased by 16 47' since Ptolemy.

Al-Battani determined with remarkable accuracy the obliquity of the ecliptic, the length of the seasons and the 5/4/12 and mean orbit of the sun. true

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THE SCIENCE OF ARABIC NUMERALS

One of the great centers of learning was Baghdad, where Arab, Greek, Persian, Jewish, and other scholars pooled their cultural heritages and where in 771 an Indian scholar appeared, bringing with him a treatise on astronomy using the Indian numerical system. Until that time the Egyptian, Greek, and other cultures used their own numerals in a manner similar to that of the Romans. Thus the number 323 was expressed like this: - Egyptian 999 nn III - Greek HHH III - Roman CCC XX III

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Al-Khwarizmi introduced the Indian system of numerals (now generally known as Arabic numerals).

Photo: From top - Modern Arabic (western); Early Arabic (western); Arabic Letters (used as numerals); Modern Arabic (eastern); Early Arabic (eastern);

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MOHAMMAD BIN MUSA ALKHAWARIZMI (770 - 840 C.E.)

Al-Khwarizmi was an Islamic mathematician, astronomer and geographer who wrote on Hindu-Arabic numerals 1st gave the digits the value of position - among the first to use zero as a place holder in positional base notation. Muslim West (Spain & North Africa)- circle as zero (0) Muslim in the East( Baghdad and the adjoining lands)- symbol of dot for zero The very name Algebra has been derived from his famous book Al-Jabr wa-al-Muqabilah and can be considered as the first book to be written on algebra. He also perfected the geometric representation of conic sections and developed the calculus of two errors, which practically led him to the concept of differentiation.
5/4/12 He introduced decimal system and developed at length

MEDICINE AND SURGERY

The origins of Islamic medicine can be traced back to the time of Muhammad, and a significant number of hadiths concerning medicine are attributed to him. Several Sahaba are said to have been successfully treated of certain diseases by following the medical advice of Muhammad. The three methods of healing mentioned by him were :-

1) Honey, 2) Hijama (wet cupping), and 3) Cauterization, though he was generally opposed to the use of cauterization unless it "suits the ailment.
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MOHAMMAD IBN ZAKARIYA AL-RAZI (864-930 C.E.)

Razi was a Hakim, an alchemist and a philosopher. Known as Rhazes in West. His al-Judari wal Hasabah was the first treatise on smallpox and chicken-pox, and is largely based on Razi's original contribution: Al-Hawi was the largest composed by then. medical encyclopedia

He also tried proposed remedies first on animals in order to evaluate in their effects and side effects. He was also an expert surgeon and was the first to use opium for anesthesia. One of his books called Kitab-al-Asrar deals with the

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ABU ALI AL-HUSSAIN IBN ABDALLAH IBN SINA ( 980 1037 C.E. )

Known as Avicenna in West. He was the most famous physician, philosopher, encyclopaedist, mathematician and astronomer of his time. His major contribution to medical science was his famous book al-Qanun, known as the "Canon" in the West. His important original contribution includes such advances as recognition of the contagious nature of phthisis and tuberculosis; distribution of diseases by water and soil, and interaction between psychology and health.

In addition to describing pharmacological methods, the book described 760 drugs and 5/4/12 became the most authentic materia medica of

ABU AL-QASIM ALZAHRAWI (936-1013 C.E.) Known as Abulcasis in West.

He was an Andalusian Arab physician and is considered the greatest medieval surgeon to have appeared from the Islamic World, and the father of modern surgery. His greatest contribution to history is the Kitab al-Tasrif. His influential al-Tasrif introduced his famous collection of over 200 surgical instruments. The surgical instruments he invented include the first instruments unique to women, as well as the surgical uses of catgut and forceps, the ligature, surgical needle, scalpel, curette, retractor, surgical spoon, sound, surgical hook, surgical rod, 5/4/12 specula, bone saw, and plaster.

EMINENT MEDICAL SPECIALISTS Pediatricians

In his book: Al-qanun fittibb (the canons of Medicine) -discuss in detail the diseases of children

Ibn Sina (Avicenna)

OPHTHALM OLOGISTs The founder of modern physiological optics. Theory of vision 1st scientist recognize gravity as force- later Al-Haytham(Aldevelop by Newton

Hazen) 5/4/12

PHARMACO Jabir Ibn Hayyan LOGISTS Famous book: (Geber) Kitab al-rahmah (book of the discovery of mineral and others Mercy) acids Kitab-al-tanji (of developed aqua regia to dissolve concerntration) gold ANATO Famous book: Tashrih-bit- Tasweer MISTS Recognized : pulsation of arteries dependedosteology 1st chap: on pulsation of heart. 2nd chap: nervous system and its gross anatomy with great dexterity. 3rd chap: muscles of human body Mansur Ibn veins 4th chap:

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DERMATO LOGISTS Wrote book on Smilax, Choub Chini (China Root) Imamuddin Successfully in treatment of Ahmad various skin diseases. Had ever cured certain types of cancer. Abul Qasim Al-Zahrawi DENTAL SURGEONS & (abulcasis) GYNECOLOGIST Scientifically set on artificial tooth in place of a diseases one. Disscuss oral deformities, dental arches & formation of Skillfully performed major tartar. operation with silver to and Used gold and cautery bind knife tooth loose Book: Al-Tasrif 5/4/12

Pioneer of hospitality
First

aid station clinics hospital hospital hospital

Mobile City

Mental Jail

hospital

Female

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 Hospital

+ medical colleges physicians were allowed to

Qualified

practice
Hospital Free

+ libraries

of charge treatment

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Case study on islamic hospital

AL MANSOURI HOSPITAL "The greatest and most magnificent of all was the famous Mansouri Hospital in Cairo. completed in 1284 A.D.. which WllS endowed with an income of $100,000 a year contained fou great courts each with its fountain in the center, separate wards for each disease, lecture rooms, an outpatient department with arrlmgements to visit

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Science of Chemistry
The

Muslim contribution of the field of chemistry & physics is greatly influenced on modern chemistry. Ruska says Arabic Alchemy has developed so much & in so perculiar a way beyond that of the Greeks

Julius

The

increase in the number of artificially prepared substances & the perfection of methods handed 5/4/12 down from the Greeks are the

Jabir ibn Hayyan

Well

known as Geber & flourished in Kufah. on the assumption that base metals (tins, leads iron, copper) could be transmuted into gold or silver by means of mysterious substance.

Acted

Emphasized

on the importance of experimentation & made a distinctive advance in theory & 5/4/12 practice of chemistry.

Jabir ibn Hayyan (contd)

He

acquainted Europe with the alchemy of the Orient & was the forerunner of modern chemistry. writings of Jabir on alchemy were translated into Latin during the Middle Ages.

The

deep study of some works of Jabir proves that he recognised more clearly and stated more definitely the importance of experiment other 5/4/12 than any other early chemists.

Ar-Razi
He

was the Persian physician.

Excels He

in clear description of chemical process and & apparatus. was the first one who introduced chemical preparation into the practice of medicine. a list of the apparatus used in Chemistry. Consists of:

Gives

1) instruments used for melting 5/4/12 metals.

 Later,

Muslims chemists Ibn Umail, Al- Tughni & Abdul Qassim made some progress & wrote several books on chemistry. They gave to the West several chemical terms which have passed from Jabirs Arabic writing through Latin & European languages & are generally used in modern chemistry with great advantage. Their Arabic origin recognisable.

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Science of geography
Muslims

geographers are aware of the idea of the sphericity of the earth. size of the earth and its circumference : the earths form: spherical

Determine

Assumption

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Navigation and commerce

Magnetic Practical

needle (Mariners compasses) use of magnetic needle : to help them navigate ships on the high seas. invention of magnetic needle is from Chinese.

Western: George

Sarton: magnetic needle was credited by the Chinese to foreigners (Muslims) 5/4/12

Maps
Most

scholars of geography included maps in their works. a tendency to represent the coast line and the rivers under conventionalised forms Kitab Kitab al_hindgiven a wonderful round map of the world.

reveal

Al-Birunis

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Inventions and mechanical contrivances

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