Non- Chordates Chordates

There are about 50 million animal species living on earth today.

BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION OF
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
 Symmetry:
i) Bilateral symmetry: An animal has bilateral symmetry if
it can be divided into two equal halves (right and left
halves) forming mirror images of each other by a single
vertical plane.
ii) Radial symmetry: An animal has radial symmetry if it
can be divided along any plane, through a central axis,
into equal halves.
BODY PLANS

 Animals that are irregular in shape are asymmetrical.

 Animals that are regular in shape are symmetrical.

GERM LAYERS

 In embryonic stages there are different layers of cells called

germ cells.
 The three different types of germ layers are:
 1. Ectoderm
 2. Endoderm
 3. Mesoderm
 COELOM

 Coelom : is the space between the body wall and alimentary

canal which is lined by mesoderm.
 Acoelomates : Animals without body cavity or coelom are
called acoelomates. Ex:Platyhelminthes.
 Pseudocoelomates: Animals with false coelom or body cavity
are called pseudocoelomates. ( have pouches of mesoderm
scattered between ecto derm and
endoderm).Ex:Nemathelminthes.
 Coelomates(Enterocoelomates):Animals with true coelom are
called coelomates.(body cavity is lined by mesoderm)Ex:
Arthropoda, mollusca, echinodermata and vertebrata.
NOTOCHORD

 It is a long rod like structure, which runs along between

nervous tissues and gut and provides space for muscles to
attach for ease of movement.
 Organisms could be:
 without notochord.
 with notochord.
 with notochord in initial embryonic stages and vertebral
column in adult phase.
CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS
 NON-CHORDATES  CHORDATES
 Absence of notochord.  Presence of notochord at
some stage of
 Pharynx not perforated by
development.
gill-slits.
 Pharyngeal gill-slits present
 Nerve chord, if present,
at some stage of life.
double, ventral and solid.
 Single, dorsal and hollow
 Heart, if present, dorsal in
nerve chord.
position.
 Heart – Ventral in position.
NON-CHORDATES
 Lack the Notochord.
 The pharynx is without paired openings called gill-slits.
 Absence of notochord. If present, it is double, ventral and solid.
 The heart, if present, is dorsal in position.
 NON-CHORDATES

Phylum 1 : PROTOZOA Phylum 6 : ANNELIDA

e.g. Amoeba e.g. Earthworm, leech

Phylum 2 : PORIFERA Phylum 7 : ARTHROPODA

e.g. Bath sponge e.g. Crab, Cockroach

Phylum 3 : COELENTERATA Phylum 8 : MOLLUSCA

e.g. Hydra, Physalia e.g. Pila, Bivalve

Phylum 4 : PLATYHELMINTHES Phylum 9 : ECHINODERMATA

e.g. Planaria, Liver fluke e.g. Starfish, Sea urchin

Phylum 5 : NEMATHELMINTHES
e.g. Ascaries, Filaria
PHYLUM - PROTOZOA

 Unicellular, Microscopic
 Free-living, symbiotic or parasitic. Free-
living forms are mostly aquatic or
terrestrial.
 Locomotion by pseudopodia, cilia,
flagella.
 Ingestion of food by phagocytosis or
pinocytosis.
 Asexual reproduction by
binary/multiple fission and sexual by
conjugation.
 E.g. Amoeba, Entamoeba,
Plasmodium, Paramoecium, Euglena
PHYLUM - PORIFERA
 The word Porifera means organisms with holes. These
are non motile animals attached to some solid
support.

 There are pores all over their bodies. These lead to

canal system that helps in circulating water
throughout the body to bring in food and oxygen.

 These animals are covered with a hard outside layer or

skeleton(spicules).

 The body design involves very minimal differentiation

and divisions into tissues.

 They are commonly called sponges and are mainly

found in marine habitats.

 Ex:Sycon, Spongilla, Euplectella (Venus flower basket)

PHYLUM - COELENTERATE
 These are animals living in water. They
show more body differentiation. There is
a gastrovascular cavity in the body.
 The body is made of two layers of cells:
one makes up cells on the outside of the
body, and the other makes the inner
lining of the body.
 Some of these species live in colonies
(corals), while others have a solitary life
(hydra). Jellyfish and sea anemones are
common examples of cnidaria.
 Special cells called nematocysts serve
the functions of paralyzing the prey. Ex:
Hydra, jellyfish, sea anemone.
PHYLUM - PLATY HELMINTHES

 Dorsoventrally flattened thin

body.
 Mostly endoparasites or free-
living.

 Triploblastic body.
 They are hermaphrodite.
 E.g. Planaria, Liver fluke,
Tapeworm.

PHYLUM - NEMATHELMINTHS
 Long, slender, cylindrical
worms (round worms) .
 Free-living or endoparasites.
 Triploblastic body covered by
a thick cuticle.
 Unisexual organisms.
 E.g. Ascaris, Filaria, Hook
worm.
PHYLUM - ANNELIDA
 They are bilaterally symmetrical and
triploblastic with true body coelom or
cavity.
 This allows true organs to be
packaged in the body structure.
 There is extensive organ
differentiation .This differentiation
occurs in a segmental fashion, with
the segments lined up one after the
other from head to tail.
 These are found in variety of
habitats- fresh water, marine water
as well as land.
 Examples are leeches, earthworms,
neris etc.
PHYLUM - ARTHOPODA
 This includes the largest group of
animals.
 They are bilaterally symmetrical and
segmented.
 There is an open circulatory system,
and the blood does not flow in well
defined blood vessels.
 The body cavity is blood filled.
 They have jointed legs.
 Examples are prawns, butterflies,
houseflies, spiders, scorpians, crabs
etc.
PHYLUM - MOLLUSCA
 The body is bilaterally symmetrical
and very soft .
 The coelomic cavity is reduced.
There is little segmentation.
 They have an open circulatory
system and kidney like organs for
excretion.
 There is a foot that is used for
locomotion.
 Examples are snails, mussels, pila,
unio, octopus etc.
PHYLUM - ECHINODERMATA
 In Greek echinos means hedgehog,
and derma means skin. Thus, these
are spiny skinned organisms.
 They are exclusively free living
marine organisms.
 They are triploblastic and have a
coelomic cavity.
 They also have a peculiar water
driven tube system that they use for
moving around.
 They have hard calcium carbonate
structures that they use as a
skeleton.
 Examples are starfish, sea urchins
etc.
CHORDATES
 Presence of notochord at some stage of development.
 Presence of pharyngeal gill-slits.
 Presence of single, dorsal, tubular, hollow nerve chord.
 Heart in ventral position.
SUB-PHYLUM - VERTEBRATA
 These animals have true vertebral column and internal skeleton, allowing
a completely different distribution of muscle attachment points to be
used for movement.
 Vertebrates are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomic and
segmented with complex differentiation of body tissues and organs.
 All chordates possess the following features:
 1) have a notochord.
 2)have a dorsal nerve cord.
 3)triploblastic.
 4)have paired gill pouches
 5)are coelomate.
 Vertebrates are grouped in to five classes:
 Pisces, Amphibia, Reptiles, Aves and Mammalia
CLASS CYCLOSTOMATA
 They have suctorial mouths without jaws.
 Skin is soft and devoid of scales.
 Absence of paired appendages.
 Cartilaginous endoskeleton.
 Mostly ectoparasites.
 E.g. Petromyzon, Myxine.
CLASS PISCES (FISHES)
 These are exclusively aquatic
animals.
 Their skin is covered with
scales/plates.
 They have streamlined bodies with
fins out of which the tail fin helps in
changing direction of movement.
 They are cold blooded [Link]
have two chambered heart.
 They have gills to obtain dissolved
oxygen in water.
 They lay eggs. Some of them have
skeleton made entirely of cartilage
such as sharks and some with bone
and cartilage such as tuna, rohu etc.
CLASS AMPHIBIA

 They live on land and also in

water. They do not contain scales
 They are cold blooded animals.
 They have mucus glands in their
skin.
 The respire through their gills,
lungs or moist skin.
 They have three chambered
heart.
 That have webbed feet.
 Examples are salmander, toad,
hyla, Rana tigrina etc.
CLASS REPTILIA

 They are cold blooded animals.

 They have scales and breathe
through lungs.
 They have incomplete four
chambered heart.
 The tongue is bifurcated.
 They lay eggs with tough
leathery coverings.
 Examples are snakes, turtles,
lizards, crocodiles
CLASS AVES (BIRDS)
 All the birds are included in this
class.
 They are warm blooded animals
and have streamlined bodies.
 The body is covered with feathers.
 The forelimbs are modified into
wings.
 They have four chambered heart.
 They breathe through lungs.
 They have prominent beaks.
 They lay hard shelled eggs.
 Examples are sparrow, pigeon,
penguin, crow etc.
CLASS MAMMALIA
 They are warm blooded animals
with four chambered heart.
 The body is covered with hair and
the skin has sweat and oil glands.
 They have mammary glands .
They give birth to young ones
directly except platypus and
Echidna. They feed their young
ones with their milk .
 They have external ear called
pinna.
 Examples are bat, humans, cat,
tiger etc