ANIMAL KINGDOM

Animal kingdom
 BASIC FEATURES OF ANIMALS

• Multicellular
• Eukaryotes
• Growth and Reproduction
• Without cell wall
• Heterotrophic
• Mostly motile
• Exhibit definite response towards stimuli
• Lack Photosynthetic pigments completely
 Basis of classification
1)Habitat

2)Level of organisation:
• cellular level of organisation eg. sponges
• tissue level of organisation eg. coelentrates
• organ level of organisation eg. flatworms
• organ system level of organisation eg. Annelida onwards

3)Germ layer
• triploblastic
• diploblastic
Digestive system types
4)Body temperature
• homeothermal: warm blooded
• poikilothermal: cold blooded

5)Reproduction
• sexual
• asexual
6)Body cavity

• Eucoelomate: cavity is covered by mesoderm. Eg. Annelida

• Pseudocoelomate: cavity is incompletely covered by
mesoderm. Eg. Nematoda
• Acoelomate: cavity is absent. Eg. Porifera, Coelentrata,
Platyhelminthes.
7)Notochord

A flexible rod like structure present on the dorsal side

of embryo of certain animals which separates nervous
tissue from gut and provides place for muscle to
attach.

1)Non-chordates- notochord absent

2)Chordates
• Protochordates- notochord present only at embryonic
stage
• Vertebrates- notochord is replaced by vertebral
column in adults
8)Circulatory system

1) Closed: blood flow in Vessels.

2) Open: blood flow in open Areas.
9)Symmetry

• Asymmetric: symmetry absent.

• Bilateral symmetry: divide the body into two identical
halves.
• Radial symmetry: divide the body into equal halves.
Classification
 NON CHORDATES
Notochord absent
Heart is dorsal(if present)
Post anal tail is absent
 Phylum – 1. Porifera
• Porifera means organisms with holes.
• Commonly known as sponges
• Non- motile, attached with solid support.
• Marine and asymmetric
• Cellular level of organisation
• They are hermaphrodite
• Pores lead to canal which helps in
water circulation system.
• Body has made up of spicules/spongin fibres
• They are diploblastic
• Acoelomates
• Hard outside layer or skeleton
• Example- Sycon, Spongilla, Euplectelea
 Phylum -2. Coelenterata
Cnidaria
• The name cnidaria is derived from one of the most characteristics feature
of coelenterates, the stinging cells called cnidoblast
• Aquatic, mostly marine
• They are free swimming
• Radially symmetrical
• Diploblastic
• Tissue level of organisation
• Skeleton composed of calcium carbonate
• Example- Sea Anemone, Hydra, Jelly fish
 Phylum – 3. Platyhelminthes
• They are commonly known as flatworms
• Have dorso-ventrally flattened body
• They are mostly endoparasites
• Bilaterally symmetrical
• Triploblastic
• Organ level of organisation
• Flame cells are the special cells which help in excretion as well as in
osmoregulation
• They are acoelomate
• They are hermaphrodite with internal fertilisation
• Some flatworm has power of regeneration
• IExample -Tapeworm and liver fluke
Phylum – 4. Aschelminthes
(Nematoda)
• They are commonly known as roundworm
• They may be aquatic or terrestrial
• Bilaterally symmetrical
• No real organs
• Dioecious (unisexual)
• They are triploblastic
• Pseudocoelomates
• Digestive system is complete
• Cylindrical Body
• Example- Ascaris, Wuchereria
 Phylum – 5. Annelida
• Segmented
• They are triploblastic and bilateral symmetrical
• Organ system level of organisation
• Coelomates
• Circulatory system is closed type
• Nephridia help in excretion as well as osmoregulation
• They are monoecious

(bisexual/ hermaphrodite)
except Nereis
• Digestive system is complete
• Example: Earthworm, Leech, Nereis
 Phylum - 6. Arthropoda
• This is the largest phylum of animalia which include insect
• The body consist of head, thorax and abdomen
• Body is segmented
• Coelomic cavity is blood filled
• Bilaterally Symmetrical
• They are triploblastic
• Organ system level of organisation
• Circulatory system is open type
• Sensory organ like antennae, eyes present
• Excretion takes place through malpighian tubules
• Eg : Butterfly, Scorpian
 Phylum - 7. Mollusca
• This is the second largest phylum
• Triploblastic
• Coelomates (reduced cavity)

• Bilaterally symmetrical
• They are terrestrial as well as aquatic
• Little segmentation
• Open circulatory system

• Gills are respiratory organ for aquatic and lungs for terrestrial
• Mollusca are dioceous

• Kidney like organs for excretion

• Foots for locomotion

• Example – Pila, Octopus

 Phylum – 8. Echinodermata
• Echinoderm means spiny skin
• They are marine and free living
• They posses a true coelom called enterocoelom
• Triploblastic
• Adults are bilaterally symmetrical and
larva are radially symmetrical
• Unsegmented
• Dioceous
• Calcium Carbonate skeleton
• Peculiar water driven tube system for
movement
• Example – Asterius
 Phylum – 9. Chordata

• Animal posses notochord during embryonic stage

• Triploblastic

• Coelomate

• Bilaterally symmetrical

• Closed circulatory system

• Dorsal hollow nerve cord

• Have paired gill slits

 Sub-Phylum- Protochordata
• Bilaterally symmetrical
• Exclusively marine
• Organ system level of organisation
• Segmentation is absent
• Coelomates
• Circulatory system is open type
• Notochord present at some stages or not at entire length
• Eg – Balanoglocossus, Amphioxus
 Sub-phylum- Vertebrata

• Notochord is present during embroyonic stage

• Notochord is replaced by vertebral column

• This vertebral column may be cartilagenous or bony

• They are unisexual

• Fertilisation may be internal or external
• Endocrine gland is present
 Superclass - Pisces
• It include true fishes
• All are aquatic
• Respiration occur by gills
• Skin is covered with scales/ plates
• Each eye has a well developed

nictating membrane
• Heart is two chambered
• All fishes are cold blooded
• Circulatory system is closed type
• Two classes-

1. Chondricthyes,

2. Osteicthyes
 Superclass 2-Tetrapoda

• These posses are two pairs of limbs

• Skin is adapted to withstand exposure to air

• They have lungs for respiration

• Tetrapoda is divided into four class:

1. Amphibia
2. Reptilia
3. Aves
4. Mammalia
 Class: 1. Amphibian

• They can live on land as well as water

• They are cold blooded

• Two pair of limbs are used for respiration

• Lungs, skin, gills are the respiratory organ

• Skin is usually smooth

• They are usually without scales

• Heart is three chambered
 Class: 2. Reptilia

• The class name refer to their creeping and crawling mode of locomotion

• These are first true land vertebrata

• Heart is usually three chambered but four chambered in crocodiles

• They are cold blooded

• Sexes are separate

• They are oviparous

• Have scales

• Example- Snakes, Lizard

 Class: 3. Aves
• Birds are truly flying vertebrata

• Most of them fly except flightless bird Eg ostrich

• Heart is four chambered

• Forelimbs are modified into wings

• Respiration is by lungs

• They are warm blooded

• Lay eggs

• Hollow Bones
• Example- Sparrow, Pigeon
 Class: 4. Mammalia

• The most unique mammalian characteristic is the presence of milk

producing mammary gland
• Skin has hairs and sweat, oil glands

• Heart is four chambered

• Mostly viviparous

• Homeothermic

• Example- Cat, Rat, Humans, Kangaroo, Whale