AP Biology Student Growth Objective - Content

1. The synthesis of protein or carbohydrate polymers always produces which of the following as a
byproduct?
a. ATP
b. Oxygen
c. Carbon dioxide
d. Urea
e. Water

2. Which of the following is responsible for the cohesive property of water?

a. Hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atoms of two adjacent water molecules
b. Covalent bonds between the hydrogen atoms of two adjacent water molecules
c. Hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom of
another water molecule
d. Covalent bonds between the oxygen atom of one water molecule and a hydrogen atom of another
water molecule
e. Hydrogen bonds between water molecules and other types of molecules

3. A cell is treated with a drug that prevents the formation of new lysosomes. The cell continues to
transcribe the genes that code for the hydrolytic enzymes that are normally found in lysosomes and
continues to translate the mRNAs for those proteins on membrane-bound ribosomes.The hydrolytic
enzymes are most likely to accumulate in which of the following cellular structures?
a. Nucleus
b. Mitochondrion
c. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
d. Golgi complex

4. The salinity of a small inland lake has recently started to increase. Researchers are planning to study the
lake over several decades to investigate how freshwater organisms survive significant changes in their
natural habitat. Which of the following physiological mechanisms will the researchers most likely
observe among the surviving organisms in the lake?
a. Prokaryotic organisms will use various mechanisms to counteract swelling of cells as a result of
increased water uptake.
 b. Single-celled organisms will use various mechanisms to counteract the increased flow of water
from cells to the environment.
c. Eukaryotic organisms will use various mechanisms to counteract the diffusion of positively
charged ions across the cell membrane.
d. Multicellular organisms will use various mechanisms to counteract the loss of cell adhesion as a
result of calcium deficiencies.

5. Oxygen consumption can be used as a measure of metabolic rate because oxygen is

a. necessary for ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation
b. necessary to replenish glycogen levels
c. necessary for fermentation to take place
d. required to break down the ethanol that is produced in muscles
The diagram below shows energy changes in a specific chemical reaction with and without the addition of
an enzyme to the reaction.

6. Which of the following questions can best be answered by the diagram?

A. Does the addition of an enzyme reduce the activation energy required for a reaction?
B. Does the addition of an enzyme result in the formation of covalent bonds?
C. Does the addition of an enzyme produce a greater amount of products?
D. Does the addition of an enzyme change the pathway for the reaction?

7. The energy required to run the Calvin cycle reactions of photosynthesis comes from which two substances
produced during the light-dependent reactions?
A. ATP and NADPH
B. ADP and PO4
C. H+ and PO2
D. O2 and CO2
 E. H2O and CO2
8. Epinephrine is a protein hormone found in many animals. Epinephrine stimulates a signaling pathway that
results in the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver cells. Which of the following describes the initial
steps in the process whereby epinephrine stimulates glycogen breakdown?
A. Epinephrine binds to a cell-surface receptor; the activated receptor stimulates production of the second
messenger, cAMP.
B. Epinephrine binds to a cell-surface receptor; the activated receptor catalyzes the conversion of glycogen
to glucose.
C. Epinephrine diffuses through the plasma membrane; the hormone dimerizes in the cytosol.
D. Epinephrine is taken into the cell by endocytosis; glycogen is converted to glucose in the endocytotic
vesicle.

9. Which of the following occurs in both meiosis and mitosis?

A. Separation of homologous chromosomes
B. Reduction of chromosome number
C. Separation of sister chromatids
D. Crossing-over between homologous chromosomes
E. Production of four daughter cells

10. A couple has 5 children, all sons. If the woman gives birth to a sixth child, what is the probability that the
sixth child will be a son?
A. 5/6
B. 1/2
C. 1/5
D. 1/6
E. 1/64

11. In humans, red-green color blindness is a sex-linked recessive trait. If a man and a woman produce a
color-blind son, which of the following ​must​ be true?
A. The father is color-blind.
B. Both parents carry the allele for color blindness.
C. Neither parent carries the allele for color blindness.
D. The father carries the allele for color blindness.
E. The mother carries the allele for color blindness.
12. Analysis of DNA sequences from two individuals of the same species results in a greater estimate of genetic
variability than does analysis of amino acid sequences from the same individuals because
A. different DNA sequences can code for the same amino acid
B. some amino acid variations cannot be detected by protein electrophoresis
C. DNA sequencing is a more reliable technique than protein electrophoresis
D. proteins are more easily damaged than is DNA
E. DNA is more heat-sensitive and therefore varies more

13. A new mutation that arose in one copy of gene ​X​ in a somatic cell resulted in the formation of a tumor.
Which of the following pieces of evidence best describes how the new mutation directly caused the tumor?
A. Protein X normally stimulates cell division, and the mutation created an overactive version of protein X.
B. Protein X normally activates a growth hormone receptor, and the mutation decreased the stability of
protein X.
C. Protein X normally prevents passage through the cell cycle, and the mutation created an overactive
version of protein X.
D. Protein X normally regulates gene expression, and the mutation created an underactive version of
protein X that blocked the cell cycle.

14. To determine the evolutionary history and relationships among organisms, scientists gather evidence from a
wide variety of sources including paleontology, embryology, morphology, behavior, and molecular biology. A
phylogenetic tree of vertebrates is shown.
Which of the following statements is most consistent with the phylogenetic tree shown?
A. Birds and turtles evolved their own means of gas exchange independently of the other vertebrates.
B. Mammals are most closely related to birds because they share a direct common ancestor.
C. The common ancestor of reptiles, birds, and mammals produced amniotic eggs.
D. Crocodiles are direct descendents of ray-finned fishes since they live in the same environment.
15. A scientist used the amino acid sequence of cytochrome ​c​ in different species to consider evolutionary
relationships.
The data below summarize the number of differences in the amino acid sequences of cytochrome ​c​ found in
selected species.

Interpretation of the data supports which of the following statements?

A. Rhesus monkeys are more closely related to rabbits than they are to horses.
B. Horses and cows have identical amino acid sequences in their cytochrome ​c.​
C. Humans are more closely related to rabbits than they are to rhesus monkeys.
D. Plants and animals have no similarities at all.
E. Mammals are more closely related to reptiles than they are to fish.