DOPA

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ZLGY-MM: XI 4 ANIMAL KINGDOM

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❖ Animals (animaL= soul) include eukaryotic, multicellular, ➢ Radial symmetry: Body can be divided into 2 similar halves
heterotrophic organisms without cell wall. by any plane along central axis of body.
❖ Around 1.2 million animal species are classified into 11 phyla, ➢ Bilateral symmetry: Body can be divided into 2 right and
according to some criteria for making taxonomic studies easier. left halves through a single plane along the longitudinal axis.

III- Germ Layer

These are layers of embryo from which all the body organs are
formed. Based on the number of germ layers, animals are 2
types-
a. Diploblastic animals: Has 2 germ layers at embryonic stage-
outer ectoderm and inner endoderm. An undifferentiated
layer mesoglea, is present between the ectoderm and the
endoderm.
b. Triploblastic animals: Has 3 germ layers- Outer ectoderm,
middle mesoderm and inner endoderm.

IV- Nature of coelom (koilosG= hollow)

Coelom is the body cavity between body wall and gut wall which
is lined by mesoderm. On the basis of nature of coelom animals
are 3 types-
a. Coelomate: Animals with coelom.
b. Pseudocoelomate: Animals with mesoderm as scattered
pouches in between the ectoderm and endoderm.
c. Acoelomate: Animals without coelom.

BASIS OF CLASSIFICATION
I-Levels of Organisation
V-Presence of Metamerism (Segmentation, metaG=after,
4 levels (based on organization of cells):
merosG=parts)
a) Cellular level- The body is formed of loose cell aggregates.
In some animals, the body is formed of similar parts (segments
b) Tissue level- Cells are arranged into tissues.
or metameres). This segmentation is called metamerism.
c) Organ level - Tissues are grouped to form organs.
d) Organ-system level -Organs have associated to form functional
systems, carrying out a specific physiological function.
II-Body symmetry True metamerism External metamerism Internal metamerism
It is the arrangement of similar body parts on the sides of the main
axis of body. VI- Presence of Notochord
Based on symmetry, animals are 2 types: Asymmetrical and Notochord is a supporting rod formed on the dorsal side during
Symmetrical. embryonic development in some animals.
a. Asymmetrical: Here, body cannot be divided into 2 similar a. Animals with notochord - Chordates
halves through any plane. b. Animals without notochord - Non-chordates.
b. Symmetrical: Here, body can be divided into 2 similar
halves. It is of 2 types.

Chordate Embryo

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Fundamental features of each phylum

Phylum Levels of Germ Noto-
N0. Symmetry Coelom Segmentation
organization layers chord
Asymmetrical
1 Porifera Cellular Diploblastic Acoelomate
/ Radial
2 Cnidaria Tissue Radial “ “
3 Ctenophora “ “ “ “
4 Platyhelminthes Organ / O.system Bilateral Triploblastic “

(Non-Chordata)
Present
Pseudo
5 Aschelminthes Organ-system “ “ (Only external

Absent
coelomate
/false)
Present
6 Annelida “ “ “ Coelomate
(true)
Present
7 Arthropoda “ “ “ “
(mostly external)
8 Mollusca “ “ “ “
9 Echinodermata “ Radial “ “
10 Hemichordata “ Bilateral “ “ Stomochord
Present
11 Chordata “ “ “ “ Present
(Internal)

❖ Examples:
CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS
1. Phylum – PORIFERA 5000 species
➔ Commonly known as Sponges
✓ Habitat: Marine
✓ Body / Distinctive features:
Body-wall has numerous pores (ostia); [Poris = pore +
ferre = to bear] Sycon (Scypha) Spongilla Euspongia
(Fresh water sponge) (Bath sponge)
Have Water transport or canal system.
Here, water enters through ostia in the body wall into a 2. Phylum – COELENTERATA / CNIDARIA 9000 species
central cavity (spongocoel), from where it goes out through ✓ Habitat: Mostly marine
osculum. ✓ Digestion: Extracellular and Intracellular
✓ Body / Distinctive features:
Have tentacles, rising from hypostome, with cnidoblasts (which
contain the stinging capsules or nematocysts). Cnidoblast is used
for anchorage, defense and to capture prey.

Mouth

Hypostome

Coelentron

Spongocoel and canals are lined with choanocytes (collar

cells).
Body is supported by spicules or spongin fibres. Have a central gastrovascular cavity (coelenteron) with a
✓ Digestion: Food gathering is by water canal system. Digestion is single opening (mouth) on hypostome.
intracellular. Corals have a skeleton made up of calcium carbonate.
Have 2 kinds of body forms- Polyp & Medusa.
- Intracellular digestion: Takes place inside the cell.
- Extracellular digestion: Digestion that takes place outside Polyp Medusa
the cell (sometimes, in alimentary canal). The products are
then absorbed into the cell.
✓ Respiration: Gas exchange is by water canal system.
a. Cylindrical shape a. Umbrella shape
✓ Excretion: Removal of wastes is by water canal system.
b. Sessile (attached) form b. Free-swimming form
✓ Reproduction:
c. Shown by Hydra, Adamsia c. Shown by Aurelia
* Hermaphrodite
- Hermaphrodite / monoecious (Sexes are not separate. i.e., Some cnidarians (eg: Obelia) will exist in both forms. In this
eggs and sperms are produced by the same individual). case, polyps produce medusae asexually and medusae form the
- Dioecious -Sexes are separate polyps sexually. This is known as alternation of generation.
(metagenesis)
* Asexual reproduction by fragmentation.
* Sexual reproduction by formation and fertilisation of gametes.
* Fertilization internal.
* Development is indirect.
- Indirect development: Development having one or many
larval stages.
- Direct development: Development without larval stage (the
young ones resemble the adult).
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❖ Examples: ✓ Reproduction: Hermaphrodite, fertilization is internal,

development is indirect.
❖ Examples:

Hydra Obelia Aurelia (Jelly fish)

Taenia (Tape worm) Fasciola Planaria (shows high

(Liver fluke) regeneration capacity)

5. Phylum – ASCHELMINTHES 15,000 species

➔ Commonly known as Roundworms
Physalia Adamsia Pennatula ✓ Habitat: Aquatic and terrestrial
(Portuguese man of war) (Sea anemone) (Sea pen) ✓ Habit: Free living or parasitic in plant and animals
✓ Body / Distinctive features:
Body is circular in cross section.
Females are longer than males
✓ Digestion: Complete alimentary canal with muscular pharynx
Complete digestive system: The digestive system has two
openings, mouth and anus.
Gorgonia (Sea fan) Meandrina (Brain coral)
Incomplete digestive system: The digestive system having only
3. Phylum – CTENOPHORA 50 species a single opening that serves as both mouth and anus.
➔ Commonly known as comb Jellies / sea walnuts
✓ Excretion: By excretory tube
✓ Habitat: Marine
✓ Body / Distinctive features:
Bears 8 vertical external rows of ciliated comb plates which
helps in locomotion. [Ktenos = comb + phera = to bear]

✓ Reproduction: Dioecious, internal fertilization, development is

direct or indirect
❖ Examples:

Shows Bioluminescence (emit light from the body).

✓ Digestion: Intracellular and extracellular
✓ Reproduction: Hermaphrodite, only sexual reproduction,
fertilization external, development is indirect.
Ascaris Wuchereria Ancylostoma
❖ Examples:
(Roundworm) (Filarial worm) (Hookworm)

6. Phylum – ANNELIDA 9,000 species

✓ Habitat: Aquatic (freshwater and marine) or terrestrial.
✓ Habit: Free living or parasitic
✓ Body / Distinctive features:
Segmented body [Annulus = ring + lidos = form]
Pleurobrachia Ctenoplana Possess longitudinal and circular muscles which help in
4. Phylum – PLATYHELMINTHES 13,000 species locomotion.
➔ Commonly known as Flatworms Locomotory organs are parapodia in Neries.
✓ Habit: Mostly endoparasites
✓ Body / Distinctive features:
Flattened body.
Parasitic adaptations:
- Absorb nutrients from the host through body surface.
- Hooks and suckers are present
✓ Circulation: Closed type
Closed type circulatory system: Blood is circulated through
a series of vessels (arteries, veins and capillaries).
Open type circulatory system: Blood is pumped out of the
heart and the cells and tissues are directly bathed in it.

✓ Excretion & Osmoregulation (water-electrolyte balance): By Flame cells

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✓ Excretion & Osmoregulation: By Nephridia Vectors (transfer pathogen):

✓ Neural system: Consists of paired ganglia connected by lateral

nerves to a double ventral nerve cord.
Anopheles Culex Aedes
Gregarious pest (attack
a crop in a flock): Living fossil:

✓ Reproduction: Sexual, Earthworms is monoecious and Neries is

dioecious
❖ Examples: Locusta Limulus (King crab)

8. Phylum – MOLLUSCA 60,000 species

✓ Habitat: Aquatic and terrestrial
✓ Body / Distinctive features:
Second largest phylum
Soft body [Mollis = soft] is covered with calcareous shell.
Neries Pheretima (Earthworm) Hirudinaria (Blood
Body has head, visceral hump & muscular foot.
sucking Leech) - Head region has sensory tentacles
.
- A soft and spongy layer of skin forms a mantle over the
7. Phylum – ARTHROPODA 9,00,000 species visceral hump. The space between the hump and the mantle
✓ Body / Distinctive features: is called the mantle cavity.
Largest animal phylum
Body consists of head, thorax & abdomen. It is covered by
chitinous exoskeleton. Visceral hump
Tentacle
They have jointed legs [Arthros = joint + poda = appendages]
Abdomen Thorax Head

✓ Digestion: The mouth contains a file like rasping organ for

Statocyst
Jointed legs
Sensory organs (antennae, compound & simple eyes,
statocysts or balance organs) are present
✓ Respiration: By gills / book gills / book lungs / trachea
feeding called radula.
✓ Respiration: By gills (in mantle cavity, feather-like)
✓ Excretion: By gills
✓ Reproduction: Dioecious, oviparous, development indirect
- Oviparous- Young ones are hatched from eggs.
- Viviparous- Giving birth to young ones.
❖ Examples:

✓ Circulation: Open type

✓ Excretion: By Malpighian tubules

Pila (Apple Snail) Pinctada (Pearl Oyster) Sepia (Cuttlefish)

✓ Reproduction: Dioecious, internal fertilization, mostly

oviparous, development is direct or indirect.
❖ Examples:
Economically important insects: Loligo (Squid) Octopus (Devil fish) Aplysia (Sea Hare)

Apis Bombyx Laccifer (Lac insect)

Dentalium (Tusk shell) Chaetopleura (Chiton)
(Honey bee) (Silk worm)

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9. Phylum – ECHINODERMATA 6,000 species 11. Phylum – CHORDATA 45,000 species

✓ Habitat: Marine ✓ Distinctive features:
✓ Body / Distinctive features: Notochord is present either throughout or during early
Have spiny skin [Echino = spiny + derma = skin] embryonic life.
Endoskeleton of calcareous ossicles. Presence of dorsal hollow nerve cord
Presence of paired pharyngeal gill slits

➔ Differences b/w Chordata & Non-chordata

Chordata Non-Chordata
 Notochord is found in the  Absent
embryonic stage
 Central nervous system is  Ventral, solid and double
dorsal, hollow and single
Symmetry: Adults-radial, Larvae-bilateral  Pharyngeal gill slits present  Absent
Have water vascular system which helps in locomotion,  Ventral heart  Dorsal heart (if present)
capture and transport of food and respiration.
✓ Digestion: Complete system, mouth on the lower side and anus  A post-anal tail is present  Absent
on the upper side.
✓ Reproduction: Dioecious, external fertilization, development
indirect (with free swimming larva)
❖ Examples:

Asterias (Starfish) Echinus (Sea Urchin) Antedon (Sea Lily)

Cucumaria (Sea Cucumber) Ophiura (Brittle Star)

Classification of Chordata-
10. Phylum – HEMICHORDATA 90 species o Phylum chordata is divided into 3 subphyla according to the fate
✓ Habitat: Marine of the notochord. They are:-
✓ Body / Distinctive features: Protochordates (marine)
Worm-like body is composed of an anterior proboscis, a Urochordata Vertebrata
collar and a long trunk Cephalochordata
(Tunicata)
Have a rudimentary structure in the collar region called * Possess notochord during
stomochord. * Notochord * Notochord extend
the embryonic period. It is
present only in from head to tail region
replaced by a cartilaginous
larval tail and is persistent
or bony vertebral column in
throughout the life
the adult.

✓ Respiration: By gills
✓ Circulation: Open type
✓ Excretion: By proboscis gland ❖ Examples for Urochordate: Cephalochordate:
✓ Reproduction: Dioecious, external fertilization, development is
indirect
❖ Examples:

Ascidia Salpa Doliolum Branchiostoma

(Amphioxus or
Balanoglossus Saccoglossus Lancelet)

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✓ Reproduction: Sexes are separate. In males

Classification of Vertebrates-
pelvic fins bear claspers (copulatory organ).
Vertebrata has 2 divisions- Agnatha and Gnathostomata Internal fertilization, many of them viviparous.
Claspers
❖ Examples:

Scoliodon (Dog fish) Pristis (Saw fish) Carcharodon

(Great white shark)
Agnatha (Jawless): Include 1 class
(i) Class – CYCLOSTOMATA 600 species
✓ Habitat: Marine
✓ Habit: Ectoparasites on some fishes.
✓ Body: Elongated
Torpedo (Electric ray- have Trygon (Sting ray- have
Have a sucking and circular mouth without jaws
electric organ) poisonous sting)
No scales and paired fins, but median fins are present.
Cranium and vertebral column are cartilaginous (ii) Class – OSTEICHTHYES 25,000 species
✓ Respiration: By gill slits (6-15 pairs) ✓ Habitat: Both marine & fresh water
✓ Circulation: Closed type, 2-chambered heart ✓ Body: Streamlined body
✓ Excretion: By kidney Have bony endoskeleton
✓ Reproduction: Terminal mouth
Migrate for spawning to fresh water → after spawning, within Skin is covered with cycloid / ctenoid scales
a few days; they die → their larvae, after metamorphosis,
return to the ocean.
❖ Examples:

Air bladder is present for buoyancy

Petromyzon (Lamprey) Myxine (Hagfish)

Gnathostomata (bears jaw): 2 super classes ✓ Respiration: By gills (4 pairs, with operculum)
I. Super class – PISCES Include 2 classes ✓ Circulation: 2 chambered heart, poikilotherms
(i) Class – CHONDRICHTHYES 800 species
✓ Reproduction: Sexes are separate, external fertilisation,
mostly oviparous, development direct.
✓ Habitat: Marine ❖ Examples:
✓ Body: Streamlined body For marine fishes:
Endoskeleton is cartilaginous
The notochord is partially replaced by a vertebral column.
i.e., notochord is persistent and covered by poorly developed
cartilaginous vertebrae.
Ventral mouth with powerful jaws. Teeth are backwardly
directed Exocoetus (flying fish) Hippocampus (sea horse)
Skin with placoid scales
For fresh water fishes:
No air bladder. So they have to swim constantly to avoid
sinking.
✓ Respiration: By gill slits (without operculum)
✓ Circulation: 2 chambered heart, poikilotherms

Labeo (Rohu) Catla (Katla) Clarias (Magur)

For aquarium fishes:

o Poikilotherms / Cold-blooded- Animals which do not have

a constant body temperature. It varies along with
environmental temperature.
o Homoiotherms / Warm blooded- Animals which maintain a
constant body temperature. Betta (Fighting fish) Pterophyllum (Angel fish)

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Differences between Chondrichthyes & Osteichthyes Snakes and lizards shed their scales as skin cast.
Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes Tympanum
1. All are marine 1. Both marine and fresh water
2. Ventral mouth 2. Terminal mouth
3. Skins with placoid scales 3. Skin with cycloid / ctenoid scales
4. Cartilagenous
4. Bony endoskeleton
endoskeleton
5. Have gill slits without Tympanum represents ear.
5. Have gill slits with operculum
operculum Limbs- 2 pairs (if present)
6. No air bladder. So they
6. Air bladder is present for ✓ Circulation: 3-chambered heart (4 in crocodiles), poikilotherms
have to swim constantly
buoyancy ✓ Reproduction: Sexes are separate, internal fertilisation,
to avoid sinking.
oviparous, development is direct.
7. Internal fertilisation 7. External fertilisation
❖ Examples:
8. Mostly viviparous 8. Mostly oviparous

II. Super class – TETRAPODA Include 4 classes

(i) Class – AMPHIBIA 3,000 species
✓ Habitat: Aquatic & terrestrial
✓ Body:
Body is divisible into head &trunk Chelone (Turtle) Testudo (Tortoise) Chameleon
Have 2 pair of limbs. Tail may present in some (Tree lizard)
Skin is moist without scales
Eyes have eye-lid. A tympanum represents ear.
Alimentary canal, urinary & reproductive tracts open into a
Cloaca which opens to exterior.

Calotes (Garden lizard) Crocodilus (Crocodile) Alligator

✓ Respiration: By gills, lungs & skin

✓ Circulation: 3-chambered heart, poikilotherms
✓ Reproduction: Sexes are separate, external fertilisation,
oviparous, development is indirect.
❖ Examples: Hemidactylus (Wall lizard)
Poisonous snakes:

Bufo (Toad) Rana (Frog) Hyla (Tree frog)

Naja (Cobra) Bangarus (Krait) Vipera (Viper)

(iii) Class – AVES 9,000 species

✓ Habitat: Flying
✓ Body:
Flight adaptations
Salamandra (Salamander) Ichthyophis (Limbless amphibia) - Forelimbs are modified into wings and feather covers
the body including wings.
(ii) Class – REPTILIA 6,000 species - Skin is dry without glands except the oil gland at the
✓ Habitat: Mostly terrestrial base of the tail.
✓ Habit: Creeping - Bony endoskeleton and the long bones are hollow with
✓ Body: air cavities (pneumatic).
Body is covered with dry & cornified skin, epidermal Feathered wing
scales / scutes.
Scales Scutes

Oil gland
Pneumatic bone
Hind limb

Hind limbs have scales and are modified for walking,

swimming, or clasping tree branches.

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❖ Examples:
✓ Digestion: They possess beak for various mode of feeding.
Digestive tract with additional chambers, the crop and gizzard.
The crop stores food, whereas muscular gizzard crushes and
churns the food

Ornithorhynchus (Platypus) Macropus Pteropus

(Kangaroo) (flying fox)

✓ Respiration: By lungs. Air sacs connected to lungs

supplement respiration.
✓ Circulation: 4-chambered heart, Homoiotherms
✓ Reproduction: Sexes are separate, internal fertilisation,
oviparous, development is direct. Camelus (Camel) Macaca (Monkey) Rattus (Rat)
❖ Examples:

Canis (dog) Felis (Cat) Elephas (Elephant)

Corvus (Crow) Columba (Pigeon) Psittacula (Parrot)

Struthio (Ostrich- Pavo (Peacock) Aptenodytes Neophron Equus (Horse) Delphinus (Dolphin) Balaenoptera (blue whale)
flightless bird) (Penguin) (Vulture)
(iv) Class – MAMMALS 4,000 species
✓ Habitat: Terrestrial, Ariel, Aquatic
✓ Body:
Have 2 pairs of limbs.
Mammalian characters
- Presence of mammary glands (milk producing glands). Panthera tigris (Tiger) Panthera leo (lion)
- Skin with hair.
- External ear (Pinnae)
- Different types of teeth
✓ Respiration: By lungs
✓ Circulation: 4- chambered heart, Homoiotherms
✓ Reproduction: Sexes are separate, internal fertilisation,
Viviparous (except Echidna & Platypus-they are oviparous),
development is direct.

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