8-PATTERNS OF

PARAGRAPH
DEVELOPMENT
 NARRATION
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
[Link] & EXEMPLIFICATION
[Link] AND CONTRAST
[Link] AND EFFECT
[Link]/SOLUTION
[Link]
 Draft
01 Introduction 02 Literary Review

03 Research Methods 04 Discussion

05 Conclusion
 NARRATION
NARRATION
 NARRATION
• From the root word narrates, originated
from the Latin word narrare- which
means related or told.
• It relates an incident or a series of
events that leads to a conclusion or
ending.
 NARRATION

• It tells the readers when,

where, and what happened.
 NARRATION
• A narrative paragraph
contains action verbs
and transition words
that indicate time or
sequence.
 NARRATION
• The following are some transition words used
to signal time or sequence order:
o First, second, etc.
o After, next, then, eventually, soon.
o Meanwhile, a short time later
o During, at the same time, simultaneously
o Suddenly, instantly
o The next day, following, thereafter
o End the end, ultimately
 NARRATION
Example:
Last night I was walking on my way
home when it suddenly rained. I forgot to
bring my umbrella, so I ran to avoid getting
completely soaked in the rain. Not seeing
where I was going, I fell into a puddle of
water. Then a guy helped me stand up. When
I looked up, I recognized him.
 NARRATION
Momentarily, I forgot that I was
soaking wet and that I was very
cold. He offered to walk me
home and I just nodded. The next day, he
and I saw each other at school. At last,
we talked like old friends.
 NARRATION
ELEMENTS OF NARRATION
• Setting- It is the time and location in
which story takes place.
• Characters- The life- giving element of
the story.
• Plot- It is the logical series of events in
the story.
 NARRATION
ELEMENTS OF NARRATION
• Point of view- It is the
perspective of the writer in
narrating the story
 NARRATION
Five essential parts of plot are:
• Exposition- It is the part of the
story where the characters and the
setting are revealed.
• Rising Action- It is where the
events in the story become
complicated and the conflict in the
story is exposed.
 NARRATION
Five essential parts of plot are:
• Climax- This is the highest point of
interest and turning point of the
story.
• Falling Action-The events and
complications begin to resolve
themselves.
 NARRATION
Five essential parts of plot are:
• Denouement- The final
resolution of the plot in the story.
 NARRATION
3 TYPES OF POINT OF VIEW
• First Person
• Second Person
• Third Person
NARRATION
NARRATION
 DESCRIPTION

DESCRIPTION
 DESCRIPTION
• It gives information of what a
person, an object, a place, or a
situation is like.
• It appeals to the reader’s senses;
it makes the reader see, hear, taste,
smell, or feel the subject.
 DESCRIPTION
2 TYPES OF DESCRIPTION
1. Objective- the writer presents
impartial and actual picture of the subject
without biases and excluding personal
impression of the subject just like when
you give your description of an experiment in class.
 DESCRIPTION

Objective is NOT influence by our

feelings
 DESCRIPTION
EXAMPLE:
• He said he love me.
 DESCRIPTION
EXAMPLE:
-Is a small, night-
active primate
with big eyes
that help it see
well in the dark.
It has a gray or
brown fur coat,
long limbs with
slender fingers
and toes, and a
 DESCRIPTION
2 TYPES OF DESCRIPTION
2. SUBJECTIVE- the writer gives
personal impression of what is
observed. This is often used in making
fiction stories.
 DESCRIPTION
EXAMPLE:
• When he said he loved me, it felt
as if my heart leapt out of my chest.
Question?
 DESCRIPTION

In a short paragraph,
narrate your
unforgettable
experience in your life.
 DEFINITION

DEFINITION
 DEFINITION

Definitions provide concise

but exact meanings of
unfamiliar words and
explain
special meanings for
familiar words.
 DEFINITION

Explains a concept, term or

subject. Its main purpose is
to tell what something is.
 DEFINITION

TWO DISTINCT
METHODS OF
DEFINITION
 DEFINITION

[Link] Definition
- the writer uses known
words or example to explain
an unknown term
 DEFINITION

Example:
-A blog is like an online
journal where people share
their thoughts,
experiences, and expertise
with others through
written posts and articles."
 DEFINITION

INFORMAL METHOD OF
DEFINITION
 DEFINITION

DENOTATION =DICTIONARY
(dictionary definition of a word)
it is the dictionary meaning of the
word.
 DEFINITION

SNAKE: a long limbless reptile that has no

eyelids, a short tail, and jaws that are
capable of considerable extension and
venomous bite.

EXAMPLE: Be careful hiking during the

day, snakes may be out looking for water.
 DEFINITION

Examples:
1. The sun shines brightly
in the sky on clear day.
2. I glanced at the clock
and realized I was late.
 DEFINITION

Examples:
[Link] is a family of
prickly shrub with
pinnate leaves and
showy flowers.
 DEFINITION

CONNOTATION =
CONNECTION
(emotional association
attached to the word)
 DEFINITION

it is the secondary meaning

of a word and not necessarily
included in the dictionary.
Rather it is how a writer
understands a word based on
their own personal or
 DEFINITION

SNAKE: a treacherous or
deceitful person

EXAMPLE: Brutus is a
snake in Julius Caesar’s
 DEFINITION

EXAMPLE: A dozen of
pink roses is usually
given to their beloved
ones.
 DEFINITION
[Link] Definition
- is based upon concise,
logical pattern that includes
as much as information it
can within a minimum
amount of space
 DEFINITION

A formal definition
consist of three
parts:
 DEFINITION

(WORD)n+
Genus(CLASS)+
Differentiae.
 DEFINITION

1. Word - word or phrase to be

defined
[Link]–General group to which
the objects belongs.
 DEFINITION

3. Differentiae –includes the

remaining parts and other
information revolving in the
term that is defined.
 DEFINITION
Example:
Comic books are sequential and
narrative publications consisting
of all illustrations, captions,
dialogue balloons, and often
focus on super-powered heroes.
 DEFINITION
Example:
Skimming is a reading
technique of allowing the eyes
to travel over a page very
quickly, stopping only here and
there to gain an idea.
 DEFINITION
Example:
Skimming(species)is a
reading technique (class)of
allowing the eyes to travel
over a page very quickly,
stopping only here and there
 DEFINITION

Extended
Definition
 DEFINITION
generally have components of both
informal and formal definitions.
However, as the name suggests, the
author uses a number of other
techniques to define a word, concept,
or phrase, including the following:
DEFINITION
DEFINITION
Thank You
 DEFINITION

DIRECTION:
Guess the word based
on
the definition
provided.
 DEFINITION

A small domesticated
carnivorous mammal with
soft fur, a short snout, and
retractile claws.
DEFINITION
 DEFINITION
A vehicle consisting of a
frame mounted on two wire-
spoked wheels, one behind
the other, propelled by
pedals and steered with
handlebars attached to the
DEFINITION
 DEFINITION

A written or printed work

consisting of pages glued
or sewn together along
one side and bound in
covers.
 DEFINITION

A written or printed
work consisting of
pages glued or sewn
together along one
 DEFINITION

The star around which

the earth orbits, which
provides light and
heat to the earth.
DEFINITION
 DEFINITION
woody perennial plant, typically
having a single stem or trunk
growing to a considerable
height and bearing lateral
branches at some distance from
the ground.
DEFINITION
 DEFINITION

A colorless, transparent,
odorless liquid that forms
the seas, lakes, rivers, and
rain and is the basis of the
fluids of living organisms.
DEFINITION
 DEFINITION

A separate seat
for one person,
typically with a
back and four
DEFINITION
 DEFINITION

The round fruit of a

tree of the rose
family, which typically
has thin green or red
DEFINITION
A mechanical or electrical
DEFINITION
device for measuring time,
indicating hours, minutes,
and sometimes seconds,
typically by hands on a
round dial or by displayed
figures.
DEFINITION
 DEFINITION
A domesticated
carnivorous mammal that
typically has a long snout,
an acute sense of smell,
non-retractile claws, and a
barking, howling, or
DEFINITION
 DEFINITION

CLASSIFICATION
AND
EXEMPLIFICATION
 CLASSIFICATION

• Divides things into

groups, classes, or
categories.
• Organizes ideas into
divisions based on
 EXEMPLIFICATION

• Provide examples and illustrations in

order to further clarify or explain the
concept or subject matter.
• Presents the general statement and then
provides specific and concrete examples
to expound on the main idea.
• Presents the general statement
and then provides specific and
concrete examples to expound
on the main idea.
• Presents the general statement
and then provides specific and
concrete examples to expound
on the main idea.
Example:
Dogs are domesticated animals that have been living with
humans for generations. Dogs can be classified in a number
of different ways. For example, they can be classified by
breed. Examples of different breeds include beagles, basset
hounds, poodles and countless others as defined by the
American Kennel Club (AKC). They can also be classified
by their role in the lives of their masters and the work they
do. For example, a dog might be a family pet, a working
dog, a show dog, or a hunting dog. In many cases, dogs are
defined both by their breed and their role. For example, a
dog could be a beagle that is a family pet.
 DEFINITION

SIMIL
 DEFINITION

DIFFERE
NCE
 DEFINITION

COMPARISON AND
CONTRAST
COMPARISON and DEFINITION

CONTRAST
• These two shows similarities
and differences between two or
more people, places, things, or
ideas.
COMPARISON and DEFINITION

CONTRAST
• Points of comparison-
characteristics or features
that you want to compare.
COMPARISON and DEFINITION

CONTRAST
• In essay, you usually
compare and contrast to
show or prove a point.
Helper words to DEFINITION

show similarities:
• Is similar to
• Both
• also
Helper words to DEFINITION

show Differences:
• on the other hand
• Otherwise
• But
• unlike
 2 common ways to
DEFINITION
organize
comparison/contrast
paragraph or essay.
 DEFINITION
[Link] method
[Link]-by-point
comparison
Block Method –used
DEFINITION

to compare and
contrast two subjects
one at a time.
Point-by-point DEFINITION

comparison- is when
you want to address
one subject at a time.
DEFINITION
Point-by-point DEFINITION
comparison Example:
Comparing Two Types of
transportation-Cars and
Bicycles.
DEFINITION
DEFINITION
 DEFINITION
Picture 1: Trees were
cut(Reason)
Picture 2: The city is
flooded (Result)
[Link] trees were cut, so the
DEFINITION
city is flooded.

[Link] city is flooded

because the trees were cut.
DEFINITION
Cause and effect is a method of
DEFINITION
paragraph or essay development
in which a writer analyzes the
reasons for—and/or the
consequences of—an action,
event, or decision.
DEFINITION
 DEFINITION
Writers use this text
structure to show order,
inform, speculate, and
change behavior.
DEFINITION
DEFINITION
 DEFINITION
The following guide questions can be
used for cause-effect development:
• Why did it happen?
• What caused it?
• What does it cause?
• What are the effects?
• How is it related to something else?
 TRANSITIONAL
EXPRESSIONS:

you can use signal words like as

a consequence of, as a result of,
because, because of, now that
and since to express cause.
 TRANSITIONAL
EXPRESSIONS:
you can use signal words like
accordingly, consequently,
hence, so, therefore, and this
resulted in to signify effects.
 cause and effect relationships
must meet a few conditions
The first condition is called
temporal precedence. Temporal
precedence is a term that simply
means one thing comes before
the other in terms of time.
 While the effect can be
physically presented before the
cause in a sentence, effect
cannot come before cause in a
timeline of events.
• For example
The doctor prescribed
antibiotics to treat the
infection, and within a few
days, the patient’s symptoms
began to improve.
• For example

After studying diligently for

weeks, Sarah achieved top scores
on her exam
cause and effect relationships
must meet a few conditions
The second condition is that
the two events must be related
to one another.
• For example

Cause: Smoking cigarettes

Effect: Lung cancer
A cat falling out of a tree does not
relate to lava flowing across the
road, so they likely do not have a
cause and effect relationship.
 cause and effect relationships
must meet a few conditions
The third condition is that the
relationship between the cause and
the effect must be direct, which
means that the effect is the direct
result of the cause, not just a
coincidental occurrence.
• For example

Cause: Turning on the light

switch
Effect: Room illumination
Imagine that lightning strikes a tree in a person's
yard during a storm, and the power goes out. In
order for the lightning to be the cause of the
power outage, it has to be the reason the power
is out. If, instead, wind from the storm knocked
down a power line, then the wind or the storm in
general would be the cause.
Put check(⁄ ) if the item is suited for a
cause & effect text or cross (×) if not.

[Link] to play drums

[Link] to technology in education
[Link] of daily reading habit
[Link] drop-out rate in a school
[Link] act of kindness
PROBLEM
AND
SOLUTION
 Take Note:
There can be many
ways to solve a
problem
Example:
Problem
The students were very noisy, so
Solution
the teacher told them to stop talking.
Example:
Problem: Many students struggle
with time management.
Solution: One effective solution to
improve time management skills is to
create a daily schedule and prioritize
tasks based on their importance and
deadlines.
The following transitional devices
can also help you develop your
text.
Let’s try!
Direction: Choose a specific problem
in your place and try to propose
solution for it. Write your insights in a
short paragraph following the
problem- and – solution pattern of
development. Make use of correct
transitional devices in your text.
PERSUASION
Persuasive Paragraph
Goal of your essay:
-Persuade the reader to
accept your point of view
or even to change his/her
point of view.
PERSUASION: Things to
Remember

-Take a clear position and

then
present evidence to
support your position.
PERSUASION: Things to
Remember

-The success of this

pattern depends greatly
on identifying your
audience.
THANK
YOU!