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INTRODUCTION TO
FIRST AID
0
Standard First Aid
(SFA)
Prepared by Joel A. Dela Peña
NSTP Facilitator/Rover Adviser/Instructor
Credits from BFP Butuan,
08/14/2024
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Objectives
Carry out standard first aid procedures
effectively, safely, and willingly when
responding to emergencies
• Assess injured individuals who require first aid
• Administer the appropriate first aid interventions
• Demonstrate willingness and confidence when
providing first aid
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Overview
• Introduction to First Aid
• First Aid for Circulation, Airway &
Breathing Emergencies
• First Aid for Medical Emergencies
• First Aid for Trauma Injuries
• Transferring the Injured
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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First Aid: Context and Issues
Standard First Aid
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Objective
• Understand the general context of the
practice of first aid
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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First Aid
provision by a layperson
(a bystander or the victim himself)
of immediate care to a victim of injury or illness,
usually performed within a limited skill range
and with minimal or no medical equipment
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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First Aid and Responding to
Emergencies & Disasters
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Preparedness
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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First Aid and Responding to
Emergencies & Disasters
DISASTER
IMPACT
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Disaster Impact
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Response
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Goals of First Aid
• Prevent further injury
• Preserve life
• Promote recovery
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Limitations of First Aid
provision by a layperson
(a bystander or the victim himself)
of immediate care to a victim of injury or illness,
usually performed within a limited skill range
and with minimal or no medical equipment
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Responsibilities of the First Aid Provider
• Bridge the gap between the victim and the physician
• Ensure his own safety, that of the victim’s, and of
bystanders
• Gain access to the victim
• Determine threats to the victim’s life
• Call for more medical assistance as needed
• Provide emergency care to the victim
• Assist Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs) and
other personnel when they arrive
• Remember all assessments and care given to the
victim
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Characteristics of an Effective First Aid Provider
• Gentle
• Resourceful
• Observant
• Tactful
• Empathetic
• Respectable
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Protecting the First Aid Provider’s Well-being
NEVER
place yourself in
a dangerous
situation.
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Danger
• Environmental danger - any danger in the
physical surroundings
• Human danger - danger from people at the
scene, which can be intentional or
accidental
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Environmental Danger
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Environmental Danger: What to do
• Seek help immediately; keep a safe
distance from physical dangers
• Move the victim away from physical
dangers
• Eliminate the danger if it can be done
safely
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Human Danger
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Human Danger
• From the victim of the injury
• From the victim’s relatives
• From the inflicter of the injury
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Tell the victim…
• Who you are
• Why you are with them
• What you are going to do
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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When victims refuse your help
• intoxicated
• unreasonable
• victim is a minor
• suffering from learning difficulties
• persons refusing on behalf of the victim
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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First Steps in First Aid
Standard First Aid
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Objective
• Apply the proper initial general approach to
providing care to the injured
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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First Steps in First Aid
• Scene size-up
• Primary assessment
• History
• Secondary assessment
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Scene size-up
• Risks and dangers
• Changes in the environment, situation
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Primary assessment
• Circulation
• Airway
• Breathing
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Circulation
• Skin - color: reddish? whitish? bluish?
- clammy? sweaty? very dry?
• Pulse - at the side of the
base of the thumb
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Airway
• Able to speak / cry = open airway
• Note quality of speaking / crying
• Open the airway (Module 2)
• Remove obstructions
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Breathing
• Check for signs of breathing (within 10 seconds!)
• Feel the flow of air
against your cheek
• Hear the flow of air
• See the chest rise
and fall
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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History
• Chief complaint
• History of the chief complaint
• Pain assessment
• Onset
• Allergies
• Medical history and medications
• Important information
• Next of kin
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Secondary assessment
• To monitor victim’s condition; identify
specific injuries
• Head and neck
• Shoulders, chest and back
• Arms and hands
• Abdomen
• Hips
• Legs and feet
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Secondary assessment
• Head
• Sunken areas
• Blood or fluid on the
surface
• Blood or fluid
coming out of ears
• Confused? Difficulty
speaking? Difficulty
walking?
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Secondary assessment
• Neck
• Sides, back of neck
• Painful, tender or
deformed immobilize
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Secondary assessment
• Shoulders
• Examine collar
bone area
• Push down
shoulders
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Secondary assessment
• Chest
• Evenness
• Movement during
breathing
• Wounds
• Pain
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Secondary assessment
• Back
• Feel along the spine, ribcage
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Secondary assessment
• Arms and hands
• Deformities
• Pain
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Secondary assessment
• Abdomen
• Evenness
• “Board-like”
feeling
• Pain
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Secondary assessment
• Hips
• Compress gently
• If pain on compression
DO NOT rock!
• If no pain on
compression push
down gently in a
rocking motion
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Secondary assessment
• Legs and feet
• Feel for deformity
or pain
• Shortening, rotation
• Normal, painless
movement of
each foot
• Obvious injuries
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Controlling bleeding
• body will not tolerate
>20% blood loss
• adult = 1 L
• children = 100-200 mL
• Control bleeding using
direct pressure
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Bandage
• maintains pressure for
controlling bleeding
• keeps dressing in
place
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Bandaging
triangle
broad
semi-broad
narrow cravat
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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We shall now demonstrate
then practice
the different bandaging techniques
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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TRANSFERRING THE
V
INJURED
Standard First Aid
(SFA)
08/14/2024
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Objective
• Use proper techniques of transferring
injured patients from one place to
another during emergencies
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Transfer the injured!
• For patient safety
• In an urgent situation and medical
assistance has not yet arrived
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Before moving the injured
• Evaluate type and extent of injuries
• Make sure dressings are reinforced
• Make sure fractures are immobilized and
supported
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Consider these when moving the injured
• Choose carry method based on victim’s
injuries
• Tell conscious victims how they will be
moved
• Consider the weight of the victim
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Manual carries
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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One-man carries
Use one-man carries
only when one
bearer is available to
transfer the injured
victim.
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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One-man carries
Fireman’s carry
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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One-man carries
Assist to walk
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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One-man carries
Sweetheart carry
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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One-man carries
Piggyback carry
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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One-man carries
Pack-strap carry
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Two-man carries
• More comfortable for
the victim
• Less likely to worsen
injuries
• Less tiring for bearers
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Two-man carries
Four-hand seat
carry
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Two-man carries
Arms-as-litter
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Two-man carries
Chair carry
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Three-man carries
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Three-man carries
Bearers on one
side
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Three-man carries
Bearers on
opposite sides
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Drags
For immediately
transferring the
victim to a safer
area by pulling
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Drags
Fireman’s drag
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Drags
Feet drag
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Drags
Clothes drag
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Drags
Blanket drag
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Improvised stretchers
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Improvised stretchers
Blanket
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Improvised stretchers
Sacks + 2 poles
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Improvised stretchers
Blanket + 2 poles
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Improvised stretchers
Shirts + 2 poles
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Transferring the injured
• General principles in transferring the injured
• Manual carries
• One-man carries
• Two-man carries
• Three-man carries
• Drags
• Improvised stretchers
Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Standard First Aid (SFA)
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Standard First Aid (SFA)
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