Basic Life SUPPORT 2

TRAINING PACKAGES 03\
FOR HEALTH EMERGENCIES
Basic Life
Support 2
Standard First Aid

(SFA)
* 1
TRAINING PACKAGES
FOR HEALTH 08\
SCOPE:
EMERGENCIES
- Heat and Fever Related

Injuries;
- Head and Neck Problems;
- Allergies;
- Animal Bites and Stings;
- Poisoning
* 2
TRAINING PACKAGES FOR
03\
Standard First Aid (SFA) HEALTH EMERGENCIES
Heat Stroke and
other Heat-related Problems
Objectives:
• Determine if a person is suffering from the
following heat-related emergencies by detecting
their respective signs and symptoms
• heat cramps
• heat exhaustion
• heat stroke
• Administer first aid to persons suffering from
these heat-related emergencies
Standard First Aid (SFA)

HEALTH EMERGENCIES 03\
Who are prone to heat-related problems?
• children
• elderly
• people with heart disease
• people with diabetes
• people suffering from
dehydration
• obese persons
• people with limited mobility

Heat cramps
• painful tightening of muscles after
prolonged use
• heavy sweating electrolyte imbalance
tightening

What to do for heat cramps
• Move victim to cooler
environment
• Have him rest, drink
plenty of cool fluids
• Stretch tight muscles
• Loosen tight clothing
•Persistent cramps bring victim to hospital

Heat exhaustion
• most common heat-related emergency
• heat exposure heavy sweating
water loss, electrolyte imbalance
• worsened by stress and fatigue

Heat exhaustion: signs & symptoms
• excessive sweating • nausea (with or
• pale, moist, cool skin without vomiting)
• dry tongue, thirst • headache
• dizziness, faintness • rapid pulse
• irritability • normal or slightly
high body
• confusion temperature
• weakness

What to do for heat exhaustion
• Move victim to coolest possible
place
• Remove victim’s clothing
• Have victim lie down, elevate legs
• Place wet cloths on skin
• If awake: give cool fluids to drink
• DO NOT give caffeinated,
alcoholic drinks
• DO NOT force victim to drink
• Unresolved symptoms bring
victim to hospital

Heat stroke
• most serious heat-related illness
• loss of consciousness
• can lead to death if untreated
Heat stroke: signs

• striking change in behavior loss of
consciousness
• skin is flushed, hot, dry
• rapid, weak pulse and breathing
What to do for heat stroke
• Call of emergency medical assistance immediately
• Move victim to coolest possible place
• Remove as much of victim’s clothing as possible
• Place victim in comfortable position
• Apply cool packs to neck, groin, armpits
• Cover victim with cold, wet towels or sheets
• Spray victim with cool water and fan quickly
• Bring victim to the hospital as fast as possible

Sunburn
• due to too much sun

exposure
• pain, redness, blistering
• can cause headache,
nausea, fatigue

What to do for sunburn
• Give cool bath or shower
• Apply moisturizing lotion
• Leave blisters intact
• Give pain relievers
• Wear loose clothing
• Drink plenty of fluids
• DO NOT apply petroleum jelly,
butter, oil or other home
remedies

Fever
• higher-than-normal body
temperature
• slightly elevated body
temperature in children,
infants = serious illness
low-grade fever 37.8-38.9°C

mild to moderate fever 39-39.9°C
high fever ≥40°C
Causes of fever
• hot weather
• childhood immunization
• infections
• spending too much time under the sun
• allergy to medication or food

Taking the temperature rectally
• Use lubricant
• Lay the child on his
stomach
• Insert bulb ½ to 1 inch
• Hold for 1 minute
• Do not let go of the
thermometer while it
is in the rectum
Taking the temperature
• orally: under
the tongue
• axillary: under
the arm

What to do for fever
• Monitor temperature
• Remove excess clothing; DO NOT wrap in
blankets
• Keep person in cool place
• Give sponge bath
• Give plenty of fluids
• Give prescribed doses of paracetamol; DO
NOT give aspirin
When to seek medical help
• Baby < 3 mos: rectal temperature ≥ 38°C
• Baby < 2 y.o. with fever > 1 day
• Child ≥ 2 y.o. with fever > 3 days
• Adult with temperature > 39.4°C
• Adult with fever > 3 days

When to seek emergency help
• severe headache • confusion
• sore throat • persistent vomiting
• unusual skin rash • difficulty breathing
• unusual eye sensitivity • chest pain
to bright light • extreme listlessness
• stiff neck; neck pain or irritability
when head bent • abdominal pain or
forward pain when urinating

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FOR HEALTH 03\
08\
EMERGENCIES
Head and Neck Problems
Standard First Aid

(SFA)
* 21
03\
Objectives
• Detect when a person is suffering from
• fainting
• dizziness
• convulsions
• headache
• nosebleed
• foreign objects in the nose or ear
• Administer first aid to persons suffering from
these head and neck problems
• Recognize when to seek medical help for persons
with these head and neck problems

Fainting
• not enough
blood supply to
the brain loss
of consciousness

Causes of fainting
• low blood sugar
• anemia
• eating disorders
• conditions which cause
rapid blood loss
• abnormal heart rhythm
• heart attack
• stroke
• head injury
• heat stroke
• heat exhaustion
Causes of fainting
• sudden change in body
position
• side effect of medicine
• alcohol intoxication
• anxiety; sudden
emotional stress, fright
• being in hot, humid
environment
• standing for a long time
• extreme pain

A person may feel these before fainting
• desire to vomit
• giddiness
• excessive sweating
• dim vision
• rapid heartbeat;
palpitations

What to do for fainting
• If person is breathing: lay him down, elevate legs
• Loosen constrictive clothing
• Don’t get the person up too quickly
• If still unconscious within 1 minute: call for
emergency help
• Make sure airway is clear; watch out for vomiting
• Treat injuries from fall, if any
• DO NOT pour water over victim’s face
• DO NOT give any liquids unless victim is awake

Dizziness
• feeling of unsteadiness;
spinning sensation
• vertigo: feeling of
motion when there
is no actual motion
• lightheadedness:
feeling of about to
faint

Causes of dizziness
• high blood pressure
• low blood pressure
• irregular heart rhythm
• diseased heart muscle
• stroke
• headache
• migraine
• low oxygen in blood
• low blood sugar
• dehydration
• anemia
• hyperventilation
What to do for dizziness
• Drink plenty of
water; have regular
meals; get enough
rest
• Stand up slowly
• Reassure the
anxious dizzy
person

When to seek medical care
• severe dizziness; new
instances of dizziness
• dizziness without a
clear, certain cause
• worsening or new
symptoms
• dizziness followed by
loss of consciousness
• inability to walk straight; falling
• dizziness associated with weakness of an arm or leg,
slurred speech
Standard First Aid (SFA) 03\
HEALTH EMERGENCIES
Convulsions
• seizures
• uncontrolled, rapid
shaking
• muscles contract
and relax repeatedly

Causes of convulsions
• epilepsy
• head injury
• infections of brain or
spinal cord
• stroke
• poisoning; drug overdose
• drug use, withdrawal
• low blood sugar
• heat stroke
• high fever

How to recognize convulsions
• may have an aura
• no warning signs
• rigid; shaking vigorously,
uncontrollably with
upward rolling of eyes;
drooling
• unresponsive; staring
blankly
• lasts several minutes
• victim may not remember

Convulsions: what to do
• Place the person in a safe environment
• Call for medical assistance immediately
• Provide adequate breathing space
• Clear the area of any bystanders
• Support the head and neck
• After the convulsion, roll the person to his side
• If with fever: give sponge bath
• Be comforting, gentle, reassuring
• Stay with person until help arrives

Convulsions: what NOT to do
• DO NOT hold down the convulsing

person
• DO NOT place anything in the mouth
• DO NOT try to make the person stop
convulsing
• DO NOT give anything by mouth until
he/she is fully awake and alert

Headache
• most common pain

complaint
• may indicate an
underlying disorder

Causes of headache
• tension
• stress
• straining the eyes
• sinus infection
• dehydration
• ice cream
• withdrawal from
caffeine / drugs
• brain tumors
Types of headache
• vascular: pain on one
or both sides of head;
with stomach upset,
difficulty seeing
• muscular: tension; with
tightening of face and
neck muscles
• inflammatory: sinus
infection

What to do for headache
• Most headaches are treated with
painkillers (paracetamol, aspirin, NSAIDs)
• For tension headache: cool shower
• Have person rest in a cool, dark room
• Apply cool compress on painful area
• Massage the scalp
• Masage the person’s neck and back

• If headache persists
• Headache with stiff neck, vomiting
• Headache with numbness and weakness
of arms or legs and difficulty speaking
• Headache after head injury

Nosebleed: general causes
• injury / trauma
• disease / medical
conditions
• environmental
temperature
• changes in altitude
Nosebleed: specific causes
• nose-picking
• facial trauma
• high blood pressure
• infections (e.g., dengue)
• vitamin deficiency
• use of medications
• bleeding problems
First aid for nosebleed
If caused by skull fracture:
• DO NOT stop the bleeding
• Cover nose with loose, dry sterile

dressing
• Call for emergency medical assistance

What to do for nosebleed
If not from skull fracture:
• Calm the victim; have him sit
with head tilted forward
• DO NOT tilt head backward
• Pinch victim’s nose; have him
breathe through mouth
• Apply ice pack on nose bridge,
forehead
• Don’t let victim rub, blow or pick
nose after bleeding stops
• Persistent bleeding: bring victim
to hospital
Foreign object in nose
• may be present in
child’s nose without
any adult being aware
• may dislodge into the
mouth swallowed
• may be inhaled
block air flow

Foreign object in nose: symptoms
• difficulty breathing in
affected nostril
• feeling of something
inside nose
• irritation, pain in nose
• foul-smelling or
bloody nasal discharge

Foreign object in nose: what to do
• Have victim blow out of nose gently
• If object is clearly visible, try to grasp it with
tweezers
• DO NOT probe the nose with cotton swab
or other tools
• DO NOT make the victim inhale deeply
• DO NOT try to remove the object if it is not
visible or easily grasped

• Object cannot be
removed; only part of
the object was
removed
• The object poses an
immediate danger
• Person has a
nosebleed that
cannot bestopped
Foreign object in ear
• common among
toddlers
• mostly in ear canal

Usual foreign objects in ear
• food material
• beads
• small toys
• corn, seeds
• insects
• hardened earwax
may cause similar
symptoms

Foreign object in ear: symptoms
• ear pain
• decrease in hearing
• irritation to ear canal
desire to vomit
• bleeding
• insects: buzzing in
the ear

Foreign object in ear: what to do
• If object is clearly visible and easily removed,
carefully remove it with tweezers
• DO NOT poke into the ear
• DO NOT try to remove the object by force
• Insect: put a few drops of baby oil in the ear;
have the person tilt and gently shake his head
(DO NOT use this method of there is pain or
bleeding, or if there is a hole in the eardrum)
• For urgent removal: button battery, bean (DO
NOT lubricate with water!)
• Object cannot be removed; only part of
the object was removed
• Severe ear pain
• Pain, hearing loss and discomfort continues
after object is removed

Eye injuries
• Include cuts, scratches, objects in the eye,
burns, chemical exposure, and blunt
injuries to the eye or eyelid
• Can lead to vision loss if left untreated

What to do with objects in the eye
• Often clear itself of tiny objects through
blinking and tearing
• Do not to rub the eye.
• Wash your hands before examining it.
• Examine the eye in a well-lighted area.
• Have the person look up and down, then
from side to side.

What to do with objects in the eye
• If you can't find the object,
grasp the lower eyelid and
gently pull down on it to look
under the lower eyelid.
• To look under the upper lid,
place a cotton-tipped swab
on the outside of the upper
lid and gently flip the lid over
the cotton swab.

What to do with foreign body in the eye
• If the object is on an eyelid,
– Try to gently flush it out with water.
– If that does not work, try touching a
second cotton-tipped swab to the object
to remove it.
• If the object is on the eye,
– Try gently rinsing the eye with water
– DO NOT touch the eye itself with the
cotton swab.
What to do with foreign body
embedded in the eye
• Leave the object in place.
• DO NOT try to remove the object.
• DO NOT touch it or apply any pressure to
it.
• Calm and reassure the person.
• Wash your hands.
• Bandage both eyes.
• Get medical help immediately.
What to do for a person with eye
injury due to chemicals
• Flush the injured eye with cool tap water
immediately.
• Turn the person's head so the injured eye is
down and to the side. Hold the eyelid open,
allow running water for 15 minutes.
• If both eyes are affected, or if the chemicals
are on other parts of the body, have the person
take a shower.
• After following the above instructions, seek
medical help immediately.
What to do for a person with eye
cuts, scratches or blows
• If the eyeball has been injured, get
medical help immediately.
• Gently apply cold compresses to reduce
swelling and help stop any bleeding. DO
NOT apply pressure to control bleeding.
• If blood is pooling in the eye, cover both of
the person's eyes with a clean cloth or
sterile dressing, and get medical help.

• Scratch, cut, or something has penetrated
the eyeball
• Chemical gets into the eye
• The eye is painful and red
• Nausea or headache occur with the eye
pain
• Change in vision (such as blurred or
double vision)
• Uncontrollable bleeding
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FOR HEALTH 03\
08\
EMERGENCIES
Allergies
Standard First Aid

(SFA)
* 63
03\
Allergic reaction
• over-reaction of
protective mechanisms
to substances that are
normally harmless
• can be mild or
life-threatening

Triggers of allergic reactions
• insect bites, stings

• medications
• plants
• food
• chemicals

Allergic reaction: signs & symptoms
• sneezing
• itchy, runny nose irritating,
persistent cough
• itchy, tingling, or burning
flushing of the skin
• swelling of face, neck, hands,
feet and / or tongue
• tightness in chest or throat

Allergic reaction: signs & symptoms
• skin hives
• hoarseness
• wheezing; asthma
• rapid, labored, noisy
breathing
• fast pulse
• shock pale skin, dizziness
• loss of consciousness

What to do for allergic reaction
• REMOVE THE POTENTIAL SOURCE of the allergic reaction
• ASSIST THE PERSON IN TAKING ANTI-ALLERGY
medications
• CALL FOR EMERGENCY MEDICAL ASSISTANCE,
especially if
• medications do not give relief
• breathing is difficult
• widespread rash
• chest tightness
• patient collapses or loses consciousness
• Have the patient rest calmly
• Assess CABs, treat correspondingly
• Provide fresh air
• Help patient lie down
• Loosen tight clothing
TRAINING PACKAGES
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FOR HEALTH 03\
08\
EMERGENCIES
Animal Bites and Stings
Standard First Aid

(SFA)
* 69
03\
Insect bites and stings
• cause pain, swelling,

allergic reaction
• can lead to serious

illness or death

Insect bites / stings: signs & symptoms
• stinger present
• pain
• swelling
• itchiness
• rash
• redness
• hives or wheal
• allergic reaction

Insect bites / stings: what to do
• Remove stinger by gently
scraping the skin
• DO NOT pinch the stinger
• Wash wound with soap
and water
• Cover the wound
• Apply cold compress
• Watch for signs of allergic
reaction

Spider bite; scorpion sting
• cause pain, swelling, allergic
reaction, infection
• can cause paralysis and death
• bite mark or sting present
• pain
• swelling
• desire to vomit, with or
without actual vomiting
• difficulty breathing or
swallowing
Spider bite; scorpion sting
• Wash wound with
soap and water
• Antiseptic may used
• Apply cold compress
• Bring victim to
hospital / poison
control center
immediately
Marine life stings
• marine animals
attack only when
provoked
• very painful wounds
• may cause severe
allergic reaction

Marine life stings: signs & symptoms
• strong, sharp, stinging, radiating pain
• skin redness, rash, blisters
• bleeding (stingray sting)
• burn
• itching, skin irritation
• desire to vomit, actual vomiting, numbness,
muscle spasm, lymph node swelling, low
blood pressure, headache
• severe reactions paralysis, coma, death

Jellyfish stings: what to do
• Rinse affected area in vinegar
for 15-20 minutes
• DO NOT use fresh water, ice
or hot water
• DO NOT rub the area
• Remove, but DO NOT touch
the tentacles
• Give oral pain relievers
• Monitor victim’s condition
• Bring victim to hospital
Stingray / sea urchin stings: what to do
• Irrigate / immerse affected

area with hot water for at least
20 minutes
• Wash wound with soap and
water
• Cover the wound
• Bring victim to hospital or
poison control center
immediately

Snakebite: poisonous vs. non-poisonous
Poisonous Non-poisonous
Example cobra python
Movement cortina, side-winding semi-cortina, curving
Shape of semi-triangular oblong

head
Body girth Rectangular circular
Skin rough smooth
Shape of vertical, slit-like round

pupil
Manner of non-constrictor constrictor
attack
Bite mark fang marks: U-shaped row
2 punctures

Snakebite: what to do
• Clean the area of the bite with soap and

water
• Apply pressure bandage and splint
• Make the victim lie down quietly and
comfortably
• Keep victim calm; do not allow
unnecessary movements
• Bring victim to hospital / animal bite center
immediately

Snakebite: what NOT to do
• DO NOT suck the wound to remove the

venom
• DO NOT apply a tourniquet
• DO NOT apply a cold compress
• DO NOT incise the bitten area

Land animal bites
• cause direct damage to

skin and soft tissues
• cause infections
• tetanus
• rabies
• various fevers

Land animal bites: what to do
• Wash bitten area with

soap and water for 30
minutes; DO NOT scrub
• Control bleeding
• Cover wound with sterile
or clean dressing
• Bring victim to hospital /
animal bite center
immediately
TRAINING PACKAGES
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FOR HEALTH 03\
08\
EMERGENCIES
Poisoning
Standard First Aid

(SFA)
* 84
03\
Poison
• any substance that
causes illness or
death when it enters
the body or comes in
contact with the
surface of the skin

How do poisons enter the body?
inhaled
ingested
absorbed

Ingested poisons
• overdose of alcohol
• overdose of medicines
• insecticides, pesticides
• kerosene
• denatured alcohol
• acids
• toxins from poisonous plants
• contaminated food or water

Ingested poisons: signs & symptoms
• abdominal pain, cramping
• desire to vomit; actual vomiting
• diarrhea
• burns, odors, stains around
and in victim’s mouth
• drowsiness; loss of
consciousness
• container of poison near victim

Ingested poisons: what to do
• Know the following information
• WHO is the victim? age? size / weight?
• WHAT was swallowed? HOW much?
• HOW did it happen?
• WHEN did it happen?
• If responsive: observe
• If unresponsive: check airway & breathing; place
in side-lying position
• DO NOT make victim vomit
• DO NOT give anything by mouth
• Save poison container, plants, material vomited
• Contact poison control center
Alcohol intoxication
• when a person
takes in more
alcohol than his
body can tolerate
decreased
physical and
mental abilities

Alcohol intoxication
• odor of alcohol on
victim’s breath, clothing
• sleepiness, confusion
• poor balance,
coordination
• numbness
• slurred speech
• desire to vomit; actual
vomiting
• convulsions
If victim is intoxicated and responsive
• Look for injuries
• Protect the intoxicated person from injuring
himself
• Protect yourself
• If the intoxicated person becomes violent:
leave, call for police & medical assistance
• Keep at a safe distance until help arrives

If victim is intoxicated and unresponsive
• Seek medical assistance immediately

• Make sure airway is clear & victim is breathing
• Place victim in side-lying position
• If there are signs of injury: assume spine injury
• Regulate victim’s body heat
• DO NOT give anything by mouth

Inhaled poisons
• breathed into the
body
• smoke, fumes
from chemicals
• carbon monoxide

Inhaled poisons: signs & symptoms
• difficulty of breathing
• chest pain
• cough
• hoarseness
• burning sensation in throat
• bluish discoloration of skin,
lips, walls of mouth
• dizziness
• headache
• seizures
• unresponsiveness
Inhaled poisons: what to do
• Immediately remove
victim from toxic
environment
• Keep airway open;
make sure victim is
breathing fresh air
• Take victim to
hospital

Absorbed poisons
- enter the body by passing
through unbroken skin
• household cleaning
fluids
• agricultural chemicals,
pesticides
• industrial products
• creams, ointments
• secretions of
poisonous plants

Absorbed poisons: signs & symptoms
• skin redness, rash,
or blisters
• hot, dry skin, lips
• burns
• itching, skin irritation
• liquid or powder on
skin
• blurring of vision
• dizziness
• headache
• seizures
• unresponsiveness
Absorbed poisons: what to do
• DO NOT wipe the poison to remove it
• liquid: blot it off victim’s skin
• powder: brush it off victim’s skin
• Wash exposed area with running water; ask
victim to bathe
• Monitor the victim’s condition
• Bring victim to the hospital

For expert advice
on any poisoning situation
24/7
National Poison Control Center

(02) 524-1078


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TRAINING PACKAGES 03\

FOR HEALTH EMERGENCIES

Standard First Aid

- Heat and Fever Related

Standard First Aid (SFA)

Standard First Aid (SFA)

Standard First Aid (SFA)

Standard First Aid (SFA)

Standard First Aid (SFA)

Standard First Aid (SFA)

Standard First Aid (SFA)

Heat stroke: signs

Standard First Aid (SFA)

• due to too much sun

Standard First Aid (SFA)

Standard First Aid (SFA)

low-grade fever 37.8-38.9°C

Standard First Aid (SFA)

Standard First Aid (SFA)

Standard First Aid (SFA)

Standard First Aid (SFA)

Head and Neck Problems

Standard First Aid

Standard First Aid (SFA)

Standard First Aid (SFA)

Standard First Aid (SFA)

Standard First Aid (SFA)

Standard First Aid (SFA)

Standard First Aid (SFA)

Standard First Aid (SFA)

Standard First Aid (SFA)

Standard First Aid (SFA)

Standard First Aid (SFA)

Standard First Aid (SFA)

• DO NOT hold down the convulsing

Standard First Aid (SFA)

• most common pain

Standard First Aid (SFA)

Standard First Aid (SFA)

Standard First Aid (SFA)

Standard First Aid (SFA)

• DO NOT stop the bleeding

• Cover nose with loose, dry sterile

• Call for emergency medical assistance

Standard First Aid (SFA)

Standard First Aid (SFA)

Standard First Aid (SFA)

Standard First Aid (SFA)

Standard First Aid (SFA)

Standard First Aid (SFA)

Standard First Aid (SFA)

Standard First Aid (SFA)

Standard First Aid (SFA)

Standard First Aid (SFA)

Standard First Aid (SFA)

Standard First Aid (SFA)

Standard First Aid

Standard First Aid (SFA)

• insect bites, stings

Standard First Aid (SFA)

Standard First Aid (SFA)

Standard First Aid (SFA)

Animal Bites and Stings

Standard First Aid