Shirleen Teo Sieak Ling (MP101554)

Personal striving (Emmons, 1989) Current concerns (Klinger, 1977a, 1977b) Personal projects (Little, 1999) Life tasks (Cantor, 1990) Personal Project Analysis Cognitive Social Learning Theory




Generate list of personal projects Rate each project in diff scales

Importance Difficulty Joyfulness Progress Positive and negative impacts

Dr. Brian R. Little, Department of Psychology at Harvard University

High in Neuroticism project stressful, difficult, likely to end in failure, outside their control, made little progress toward achieving goals.

Bandura argued that people have intentions and forethought, reflective and can anticipate future events. People monitor their behavior and evaluate their own progress and learn by observing others Most important concepts self efficacy, how capable or prepared we believe we are for handling particular kinds of tasks. Self efficacy and performance influence each other. Self efficacy also influenced by modeling, by seeing others engage in the performance with positive results.



Implicit belief s about nature of intelligence effect the way to approach challenging intellectual tasks. Two way :-

Entity theory of intelligence intelligence is unchangeable and fixed internal characteristic.

Incremental theory of intelligence intelligence can increases through effort and persistence.

People with Entity beliefs choose subjects that can get good grades with less affort. People with incremental beliefs of intelligence not threaten by failure and do not view having to work hard as a sign of low intelligence. Set mastery goals and seek academic challenges to grow their intelligence.

Carol Dweek, Lewis and Virginia Eaton Professor

People regulate goal-directed behaviors in two distinct ways that serve two diff needs.

Promotion focus concerned with advancement, growth and accomplishments. Eagerness, approach and going for the gold. Prevention focus concerned with protection, safety and prevent negative outcomes and failures.

Promotion focus extraversion, behavior activation, not to miss any possible opportunities for being correct. Prevention focus neuroticism, harm aviodance, negatively with impulsivity, make sure they did not make incorrect responses.
Tory Higgins, Professor at Columbia

Argued that behavior was more strongly influenced by the situation they were in than the personality traits they brought to those situations. Emphasizes cognitive and affective processes influence a persons behaviors relative to specific situational characteristic. Personality not as a collection of traits, but as an organization of cognitive and activities that influence how people respond to certain kind of situation.

Walter Mischel, Professor at Columbia

Emphasis is more on personality processes than on static traits.

Cognitive and affective processes consist of construal (how one views a situation), goals, ability, expectations, beliefs, feelings, self-regulatory standards, plans and strategies.
~Aggressive people are sensitive to certain kind of situations, and only then will they behave aggressively~ Situation behavior signatures if . , then She does X when A but Y when B.

Part I argues that social stratification on the basis of intelligence has been increasing since the beginning of the twentieth century. Part II presents original research showing significant correlations between intelligence and various social and economic outcomes. For instance, based on data as of 1989 this section shows that among non-Hispanic whites, intelligence level (cognitive class) is a better predictor of poverty than parents' socioeconomic class. Part III, the most controversial part, examines what role IQ plays in contributing to social and economic differences between ethnic groups in the United States. Part IV discusses the implications of the findings for education and social policy in the United States.

Intelligence exists and is accurately measurable across racial, language, and national boundaries. Intelligence is one of, if not the most, important factors correlated to economic, social, and overall success in the United States, and its importance is increasing. Intelligence is largely (40% to 80%) genetically heritable. No one has so far been able to manipulate IQ to a significant degree through changes in environmental factorsexcept for child adoptionand in light of these failures, such approaches are becoming less promising. The USA has been in denial of these facts. A better public understanding of the nature of intelligence and its social correlates is necessary to guide future policy decisions.

Intelligence exists and is accurately measurable across racial, language, and national boundaries. Intelligence is one of, if not the most, important factors correlated to economic, social, and overall success in the United States, and its importance is increasing. Intelligence is largely (40% to 80%) genetically heritable. No one has so far been able to manipulate IQ to a significant degree through changes in environmental factorsexcept for child adoptionand in light of these failures, such approaches are becoming less promising. The USA has been in denial of these facts. A better public understanding of the nature of intelligence and its social correlates is necessary to guide future policy decisions.