Historical Development of the Organization of Information

Antiquity
Sumerian Ashurians Egyptians Roman Civilization 2000 BC, Clay Tablets Ashurbanipal Papyrus Personal libraries Roman warriors

Middle Ages
Church Libraries Union List Church libraries were established. Lists were made by monks. A milestone in organization of information. Special code was given to each entry to indicate its location.

European Renaissance
Invention of Printing The printing press was invented - creating an explosion in publishing and duplicate copies of works. The vocation of "Bibliographer" became a by-product of the existence of the printing press. St. Martins Priory at Dover, the first list designated as a catalog. The catalog had 3 sections of arrangement. Part 1. Call number - located the exact location, where a volume could be found. Part 2. Also arranged by call number. Contain the contents of each volume, with paging and opening words. Part 3. Alphabetical listing by author and title and entries of each volume found within a published work, called an analytical entry.

First list designated as a catalog

From Lists to Bibliographies

Author Konrad Gesner published an author bibliography. Included was a preface that offered crossbibliography references and variations of names. French Revolution Following the French Revolution, the French government sent out instructions for cataloging the collections of the libraries that had been confiscated throughout France. This marks the first instance of a national code. Libraries were directed to make card catalogs--the first instance of card catalogs. The reverse sides of playing cards were used as the source for recording the information.

Period of Coding
91 Rules In 1841, Anthony Panizzi, a lawyer and political refugee from Italy and a assistant librarian at the British Museum was a strong advocate of cataloging and subject analysis. Panizzi authored a cataloging code known as the "91 rules". Panizzi is credited with the start of developing the "modern" theories of cataloging. In 1853, Charles C. Jewett marked the introduction of the American influence to cataloging and arrangement. Jewett build on Panizzi's earlier efforts. In 1876, Charles Cutter published his Rules for a Printed Dictionary Catalogue. Cutter's efforts placed emphasis on establishing rules on filing entries.

Jewet Rules

Cutter Rules

Period of Coding
AACR & AACR2 In 1967, The Americans and the British collaborated to establish the Anglo-American Cataloging Rules. Because there was disagreement on a few points, this work was published in two separate versions: North American and British. In 1978, the AACR2 was published to accommodate the developments established by the ISBD, to address non-book materials, to take into account machine processing of bibliographic records, and to reconcile the British and American texts. In 1974, the International Federation of Library Associations (IFLA) issued the International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD), produced as a means for the international communication of bibliographic information.

ISBD

Subject Access
Cutter Rules First time these rules gave the rules and regulation for subject headings.

LCSH

In 1914, Subject Headings Under the Dictionay Catalog of LC was published. In 1975, his name was change to LCSH i.e. Library of Congress Subject Headings. It is widely used in big libraries. In 1923, Sears List of Subject Headings was published. It was mainly made for the use of small libraries.

SLSH

Classification Schemes
According to Size of Book Library of Congress was established in 1800 in Washington. The first classification system adopted was according to the size of the book and further arrangement was made by following the accession number.

Francis Bacon In 1812, LC adopted the classification scheme developed by Francis Bacon. DDC In 1876, Melvil Dewey devised the Dewey Decimal Classification scheme. Dewey categorized the knowledge into ten main classes. In 1901, Libry of Congress Classification Scheme was founded. It was based on the classification scheme of Charles A. Cutter.

LC Classification Scheme

Classification Schemes
Subject Classification Bibliographic Classification In 1906, James Diff Brown envisaged the Subject Classification scheme. In 1935, Henry E. Classification. Bliss devised Bibliographic

Colon Classification

In 1936, S. R. Ranganathan created the Colon Classification scheme.

Automation of Information
Use of Typewriter Punch Card System Use of Computers Automation started in libraries in 1870, when first time typewriter was introduced in libraries for preparation of catalogue cards. In 1930, IBM invented the Punch Card system. It was introduced in American libraries for automation of its systesm. In 1960, computers introduced in libraries. Use of computes brought a tremendous and astonishing revolution in organization of information.