G IBBS -D ONNAN E QUILIBRIUM

when non-diffusible ions are present only on one side of a semipermeable membrane, the distribution of the diffusible ions across the membrane will become unequal. The final distribution of all ions will satisfy 3 requirements:


The total number of cations and anions on the same side of the semipermeable membrane will be equal. On the side containing protein anions, the # of diffusible anions present will be less than and the # of diffusible cations will be greater than on the other side of the semipermeable membrane. The osmotic pressure on the side containing protein anions will be slightly greater than on the side w/o protein anions.

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Gibbs-Donnan rule predicts that: At equilibrium the product of the concentrations of any pair of diffusible cations and anions on one side of a semipermeable membrane will equal the product of the concentrations of the same pair of ions on the other side

  
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[Na+]1 [Cl-]1 = [Na+]2 [Cl-]2 (6) (6) = (9) (4) (36) = (36)

OSMOLARITY


Osmoles
  

the number of impermeable particles dissolved in a solution regardless of charge determining factor for the diffusional movement of water For non-ionizing substances i.e. molecular structure maintained when dissolved (e.g. glucose), the osmolarity and the molarity are the same. For ionizing substances i.e dissociate when dissolved (eg. NaCl), the osmolarity is the number of free particles times the molarity.

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OSMOLARITY
 

= Molarity (mol/L) x no. of particles in a solution Refers to the total concentration of solute particles in a solution regardless of their chemical composition
1M glucose x 1 particle/glucose molecule in a sol n 1M NaCl x 2 particles (Na+, Cl-)

(a) (b)

**When measured as osmoles per liter osmolarity (particles/L of sol n) **When measured as osmoles per kg water osmolality (particles/kg water)
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OSMOLARITY


Isoosmotic solution containing 300mOsm/L of solute regardless of chemical composition Hyperosmotic - solution containing greater than 300mOsm/L of solute regardless of chemical composition Hypoosmotic - solution containing less than 300mOsm/L of solute regardless of chemical composition 300 mOsM = normal osmolarity of human body

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OSMOLARITY
 

Osmolarity = NaCl vs glucose

Osmotic Pressure

1. Find the Osmolarity of: A = 200 mM NaCl sol n B = 150 mM NaCl sol n and 100 mM Urea A = 200 mM x 2 = 400 mOsM B = (150 mM x 2) + 100 mM = 400 mOsM

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OSMOLARITY
2. Determine osmoticity of A and B relative to normal human osmolarity A and B = 400 mOsM > 300 mOsM Hyperosmotic

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TONICITY


Describes solutions that tell what would happen to cell size/volume changes when placed in the solution Depends not just on osmolarity but on nature of solutes and permeability of membrane Isotonic solution containing 300 mOsM of nonpenetrating solutes regardless of *concentration of membrane-penetrating solutes present Hypertonic - solution containing greater than 300 mOsM of nonpenetrating solutes regardless of * Hypotonic - solution containing less than 300 mOsM of nonpenetrating solutes regardless of *

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OSMOLARITY VS TONICITY

A is isosmotic to B
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A is hypotonic to B

OSMOLARITY VS TONICITY
Eg. X: 300 mOsM glucose; ; Y: 150 mOsM NaCl Glucose impermeant NaCl - non impermeant a). Compute for osmolarity of each solution. b). Determine osmoticity and tonicity of each solution

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