M.

Naveen Kumar

Roll No: 08311A0237 Electrical & Electronics Engineering Sreenidhi institute of Science & Technology

WHAT IS A

HYBRID ELECTRIC vehicle

Any vehicle which combines two sources of power. Gasoline-Electric hybrid vehicle is the hybrid vehicle

now in use. The combination of an internal combustion engine (ICE) with one or more electric motor/generators and a battery pack. An HEV uses less gasoline because the electric motor does some of the work.

Why hybrids?
y Fuel efficiency is greatly increased (twice). y Emissions are greatly decreased. y Dependency on fossils fuels can be decreased. y Hybrids can be run on alternative fuels as well.

EVOLUTION OF HYBRID
y The first hybrid electric vehicle was engineered by

Ferdinand Porsche in 1928.since then no such vehicles can put into production until the 20th century . y Hybrid technology has been in use on railroad ever since 1930s, when the locomotives on early streamliners ran on gasoline-electric and dieselelectric systems at greater efficiencies than the stream engines of the days. y Automotive hybrid technology became commercially successful in the 1990 s when the Honda Insight and Toyota Prius became available.

HEV MODEL

HEV COMPONENTS
y Gasoline engine

The hybrid vehicle has a gasoline engine much like the most vehicles. However, the engine on a hybrid is smaller and uses advanced technologies to reduce emissions and increase efficiency. y Fuel tank The fuel tank in a hybrid is the energy storage device for the gasoline engine. Gasoline has a much higher energy density than batteries . It takes about 1,000 pounds of batteries to store as much energy as 1 gallon (7 pounds) of gasoline.

Electric motor The electric motor on a hybrid vehicle is very sophisticated. Advanced electronics allow it to act as a motor as well as a generator. For example, when it needs to, it can draw energy from the batteries to accelerate the vehicle. But acting as a generator, it can slow the vehicle down and return energy to the batteries. Generator The generator is similar to an electric motor, but it acts only to produce electrical power. It is used mostly on series hybrids.

Batteries The batteries in a hybrid vehicle are the energy storage device for the electric motor. The electric motor on a hybrid vehicle can put energy into the batteries as well as draw energy from them.

Transmission The transmission on a hybrid vehicle performs the same basic function as the transmission on a conventional vehicle.

PARALLEL STRUCTURE
y Both gasoline and electric systems are connected to

the transmission system. y Both systems are coupled to a transmission system which in turn rotates the wheels. y Both gasoline and electric systems are connected independently to the transmission system. y Fuel tank supplies petrol to engine. y Batteries supply power to electric motor.

SERIES STRUCTURE
y Indirectly powers the vehicle. y Gasoline engine turns the electric generator. y Generator either charges the batteries or runs an

electric motor.

PERFORMANCE
Conventional vehicle
y Require relatively big engine. y Manufactured to handle any

Hybrid vehicle
y Size of engine is small. y Engine is powerful enough to

driving situation. y Efficiency is less due to its large size.

y No additional system is present. y Mileage is lower due to big

engine and large components.

drive on freeway. y More efficient due to small size & operating close to maximum load. y Additional help is provided by electrical system to quick acceleration. y High mileage due to small size of engine.

HEV Efficiency
Three key factors:  Regenerative braking  Engine size  Vehicle weight & aerodynamic design

HEV Efficiency(contd)
Engine size = may be smaller than in a conventional vehicle  Engine is sized to accommodate average load not peak load

 Vehicle weight/aerodynamic design:  Built using special lightweight materials  Uses advanced aerodynamics to reduce drag

Advanced Technologies
Regenerative Braking Electric Motor Drive/Assist Automatic Start/ ShutOff

Regenerative Braking
Recaptures kinetic energy normally lost as heat

during braking Kinetic energy = energy of motion Electric motor acts as a generator when brakes applied Converts kinetic energy to electrical energy, stored in batteries
 

It becomes potential energy available for use No system is 100% efficient

Electric Motor Drive/Assist

Additional Power to assist engine Accelerating, Passing

and Hill Climbing.

So, allows Smaller and More Efficient Engine to be Used.

Automatic Start/Shutoff
Automatically shuts off the engine when the vehicle

comes to a stop and restarts it when the accelerator is pressed. This prevents wasted energy from idling.

Hybrid Reliability
Hybrids have some of the highest safety ratings of all vehicles High-voltage system contains many safety features Battery charge is computer controlled extends battery life Batteries under warranty for 100,000 miles, is your engine??????

Hybrid Reliability(contd)
The cost of maintenance is reduced due to operation of hybrid technology Regenerative braking reduces wear on brakes  Idle stop extends engine life  Electric accessories reduce load on engine

Advantages:
Reduced fuel consumption Excellent gas mileage Fewer tailpipe emissions Lighter batteries than electric vehicles Regenerative braking system stores electrical energy in Batteries Uses less fuel to recharge batteries.

Disadvantages:
Reduced, but not emission-free HEVs are partial zero-emission vehicles (PZEVs)

they produce zero emissions only when engine is not running

More expensive than conventional Vehicles Has a payback period in average use.

Current Models of HEVs

Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid Honda Accord Hybrid Honda Civic Hybrid Ford Escape Hybrid GMC Silverado Hybrid GMC Sierra Hybrid Toyota Prius Toyota Highlander Hybrid Lexus 400h

Yet to be done:
y Size reduction of battery packs. y Better acceleration by electric system. y Sole dependence on available system when other is

absent. y Reduce complexity. y Quick rechargeable batteries.

Conclusion
Using the concept of Hybridization of vehicles results in better efficiency and also saves a lot of fuel in todays fuel deficit world. It is indeed an important research avenue for other vehicle manufacturing units as well. A hybrid gives a solution to all the problems to some extent. If proper research and development is done in this field, hybrid vehicle promises a practical, efficient, low pollution vehicle for the coming era.